Kim 1

GW9662 and 3-MA were purchased from Sigma (USA). Rabbit antibodies against PPAR-γ, LC-3I, LC-3II, Beclin-1, AMPK, P62, and caspase-3/8 and a polyclonal antibody against β-actin were purchased from Abcam (USA). A terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) detection kit was purchased from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co. Ltd. Kits for the extraction of TagDNA and RNA were obtained from Cwbiotech (Beijing, China); Kim-1 and NGAL ELISA kits were purchased from USCN Life Science Inc. (Wuhan, China).

Plasma, urinary, and kidney cortical cytosolic (see below for ultracentrifugation; ‘Western blotting’) glucose concentrations were measured by the glucose oxidase method (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Glycated hemoglobin was measured in whole blood samples using an enzymatic assay kit (Crystal Chem Inc., Downers Grove, IL, USA). ELISA kits were used for the measurement of plasma insulin (Crystal Chem Inc.), urinary albumin (Bethyl laboratories, Montgomery, AL, USA), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1; USCN Life Science Inc., Hubei, China), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Tissue levels of renin and AngII, and plasma levels of renin were determined via radioimmunoassay (Prosearch International, Malvern, VIC, Australia)50 (link).