Mp x ray diffractometer

The phase composition was determined using a Stoe-Stadi MP X-ray diffractometer operating in transmission mode using Mo-K_α1 (λ = 0.7093 Å) radiation. The morphologies of nanoparticles were investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-4800) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM, Zeiss LEO 912, 120 kV). The X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were recorded with a Surface Science Instruments ESCA M-Probe using monochromatic Al-K_α radiation (hν = 1486.6 eV). The spectra were fitted and analysed with CasaXPS software. The X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra at the uranium L₃-edge (E₀ = 17 166 eV) were collected at the BL14W1 beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). The energy was calibrated according to the absorption edge of the Zr foil at the K-edge (17 997 eV). Rheological experiments were performed on a rheometer (MCR301, Anton Paar): frequency sweep tests were carried out at a fixed strain of 0.5%; amplitude sweep tests were performed at a fixed frequency of 1 Hz. The UV-Vis measurements were performed on a PerkinElmer Lambda 750 spectrophotometer. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra were recorded with a Hitachi F-7000 luminescence spectrometer with an excitation wavelength of 375 nm. A light response test was performed by illumination under Xe light of 150 W.