All procedures were carried out with at least three replications and are presented on a dry weight basis as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Data analysis was performed using the SAS program version 8 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, U.S.A.). Correlation analysis between the extrusion temperature, die pressure and various parameters (phenolics, TPC, DPPH and ABTS) was performed with Pearson's correlation test. The significance of the differences between different extrusion temperatures was determined using ANOVA, followed by Duncan multiple comparison tests. Statistical significance was defined at a level of P < 0.05.
Sas program version 8
Manufactured by SAS Institute
Sourced in United States
SAS program version 8 is a software application developed by SAS Institute. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for data analysis, statistical modeling, and reporting. The software is designed to handle large datasets and offers a wide range of analytical capabilities.
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Lab products found in correlation
11 protocols using sas program version 8
1
Extruded Bioactive Compound Analysis
2
Linkage Disequilibrium and Phenotypic Analysis
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Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was evaluated for each pair of SSR loci using TASSEL 2.1, both on all accessions and on the clusters as inferred by STRUCTURE. D′ measures modified for multiple loci were used. Significance (P-values) of D′ for each SSR pair was determined by 100,000 permutations. To compare phenotypes of the seven groups identified by STRUCTURE, ANOVA was employed with the SAS program version 8 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), followed by multiple means comparisons among these groups.
3
Linkage Disequilibrium and Phenotype Analysis in Rice
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The linkage disequilibrium (LD) was assessed using TASSEL 3.01 software [36 (link)]. This analysis evaluated each pair of SSR loci across all rice accessions and clusters derived from STRUCTURE analysis. The modified D′ measures for multiple loci were utilized, and the significance of each SSR pair was determined based on 100,000 permutations. Furthermore, the phenotypes among the groups generated by STRUCTURE were compared using the ANOVA procedure implemented in SAS program version 8 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
4
Statistical Analysis of Food Samples
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All the samples were measured with two replicates. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) and correlation were conducted in SAS program version 8 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The least significant difference (LSD) multiple range test was conducted for comparing the means of samples at p < 0.05. Cluster analysis was conducted in SPSS statistics ver 20, employing hierarchical cluster analysis. (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). The method used was linkage between groups. The distances between samples were calculated using square Euclidean distances [24 (link)]. Additionally, principal components analysis (PCA) was performed in Origin 2021 [25 (link)].
5
Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Phenotypes
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To compare phenotypes of two subpopulations identified by STRUCTURE V2.1, ANOVA was employed with the SAS program version 8 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), followed by multiple means comparisons. To control for false positives, the Q + K mixed linear model was used for the genome-wide association mapping with TASSEL V5.0 [48 (link)]. The Q matrix was obtained from the analysis results of STRUCTURE V2.1. The K matrix was generated from the analysis results using the kinship matrix function in TASSEL V5.0. The P value determines whether a marker (QTL) is significantly associated with the trait and the –LogP value higher than 4 was set as a threshold for strong associations. The R2 (the fraction of the total variation explained by the marker) for each locus was estimated using TASSEL 5.0.
6
Duplicate Measurements and Statistical Analysis
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All the measurements were performed in duplicate. Data analyses were performed with the SAS program version 8 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The Student-Newman-Keuls test was performed for compassion of means at P < 0.05.
7
Triplicate Experiments Analyzed by ANOVA
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Unless otherwise noted, all the experiments in this study were performed in triplicate. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the SAS program version 8.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The least significant difference (LSD) was computed at p < 0.05. All the figures in this study were processed using the Origin software version 8.0 (OriginLab Corp., Northampton, MA, USA).
8
Genetic Factors in Diabetes Mellitus
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Data were represented as mean ± SD. Due to relatively small sample size, EK/KK were grouped together for regression analyses. Fisher's exact test was used to detect the distribution difference between diabetic and nondiabetic groups. Logistic regression model was further performed to adjust demographic difference. Student's t-test was applied to compare the difference of various parameters between different genotypes or between normal control and diabetic subjects. MANOVA was applied to compare the difference of glucose and insulin levels during OGTT test between different genotypes. SAS program version 8.1 (SAS institute Inc., Cary, NC) was applied for statistical analyses. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
9
Factorial Experiment of Treatment and Storage
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This study was designed as a 4×2 factorial experiment based on the parameters of treatment (control, T1, T2, and T3) and storage time (0 and 4 wk). All experiments were performed in triplicate. Data were analyzed for degree of variation and significance of difference using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and differences among treatment means were assessed using Duncan’s multiple range test. The statistical analysis was performed using SAS program version 8.1 (SAS Institute, 2000 ). Significance was defined as p<0.05.
10
Triplicates ANOVA Analysis with Origin
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Unless otherwise specified, all experiments in this study were performed in triplicates. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out using the SAS program version 8.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The least significant difference (LSD) was computed at p < 0.05. All figures were drawn using Origin software version 8.5 (Origin Lab Corp., Northampton, MA, USA). Error bars denote standard deviation of the mean.
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