For the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), mice were fasted overnight and then given an intraperitoneal injection of D-glucose (1.5 g/kg) or insulin (0.75 UI/kg; Novo Nordisk). Blood samples were harvested from the tail vein at different time points, and the blood glucose was measured using a glucometer (Johnson & Johnson, Shanghai, China). After testing serum fasting blood glucose and insulin concentrations, we calculated the homeostasis model index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR: insulin × glucose/22.5) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI: 1/[log (insulin) + log (glucose)]), as previously described [49 (link)].
Glucometer
Manufactured by Johnson & Johnson
Sourced in United States, China
The Glucometer is a compact, portable device designed to measure and display the glucose levels in a person's blood. It functions by using a small sample of blood obtained through a fingerstick to provide an accurate reading of the current blood glucose concentration. The core purpose of the Glucometer is to monitor and track an individual's blood sugar levels.
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Lab products found in correlation
Streptozotocin (stz), by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Streptozotocin (stz), by Johnson & Johnson (2 mentions)
D glucose, by Novo Nordisk (1 mentions)
Insulin, by Novo Nordisk (1 mentions)
Biochemical analyzer, by Abbott (1 mentions)
Streptozotocin (stz), by MP Biomedicals (1 mentions)
Pyruvate colorimetric assay kit, by Abcam (1 mentions)
Sodium pyruvate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
L glutamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Alanine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Creatinine assay kit, by BioAssay Systems (1 mentions)
D12492, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glucometer, by Novo Nordisk (1 mentions)
Human insulin, by Novo Nordisk (1 mentions)
Streptozotocin (stz), by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
31 protocols using glucometer
1
Intraperitoneal Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests
2
Glucose Tolerance Test in Mice
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For the GTT, mice were fasted for 8 h with water provided ad libitum from 8 a.m. on the experimental day. During GTT, blood glucose levels were monitored at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after an IP dose of glucose (dextrose; 1.0 g/kg body weight). Blood glucose was taken from the tail vein and analyzed using a glucometer (Li et al., 2021b (link); Johnson & Johnson).
3
Comprehensive Metabolic Profile Assessment
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The fasting venous blood sample was collected after admission. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), ALT, AST, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and triglycerides (TG) were measured using a biochemical analyzer (Abbott, Abbott Park, IL). Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured by a HLC-T OSOH 723 G7 automated glycated hemoglobin analyzer. Plasma concentrations of highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was determined using commercially available kits (Finland Orion Diagnostica Company, Espoo, Finland). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (P2BG) were measured by a glucometer (Johnson & Johnson).
4
Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats
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This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University (Approval No. SYSU-IACUC-2019-000261) and was conducted according to International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals of International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS).19 (link) Twenty-four male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (200–250 g) were purchased from the Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center (Foshan, China). Four rats each were housed in a cage with controlled temperature, humidity, and light exposure and ad libitum access to water and food.
At the end of the 1-week quarantine period, rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=12 per group): healthy rats and DM rats. The DM rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of streptozotocin (52 mg/kg; MP Biomedicals, USA), whereas healthy rats received an equal volume of citrate buffer (pH=4.2–4.4; Zhongnan Chemical Reagent, Guangzhou, China) via i.p. injections. Random blood glucose (RBS) levels were measured in blood samples obtained from the animal’s tail vein using a glucometer (Johnson & Johnson, USA) on the 5th day after the injection. During this period, the animals were closely monitored daily. Eventually, 12 animals with RBS higher than 300 mg/dL were selected for the DM model.
At the end of the 1-week quarantine period, rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=12 per group): healthy rats and DM rats. The DM rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of streptozotocin (52 mg/kg; MP Biomedicals, USA), whereas healthy rats received an equal volume of citrate buffer (pH=4.2–4.4; Zhongnan Chemical Reagent, Guangzhou, China) via i.p. injections. Random blood glucose (RBS) levels were measured in blood samples obtained from the animal’s tail vein using a glucometer (Johnson & Johnson, USA) on the 5th day after the injection. During this period, the animals were closely monitored daily. Eventually, 12 animals with RBS higher than 300 mg/dL were selected for the DM model.
5
Metabolic Tolerance Tests in Mice
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For the lactate or pyruvate tolerance tests, fed mice were injected IP with lactic acid solution (0.5 g/kg body weight) (MilliporeSigma) or sodium pyruvate (1.0 g/kg body weight) (MilliporeSigma) formulated in PBS. For the gluconeogenesis assay, the mice were fasted for 16 hours before being administered IP with sodium lactate (2.5 g/kg body weight), sodium pyruvate (2.5 g/kg body weight), alanine (2.5 g/kg body weight) (MilliporeSigma), or l -glutamine (2.5 g/kg body weight) (MilliporeSigma) formulated in PBS. For glucose tolerance tests, Bsg+/+ and Bsg–/– mice fasted overnight were administered glucose (1 g/kg body weight), either by IP injection or by oral gavage. Blood glucose and lactate levels were measured using a glucometer (Johnson & Johnson K.K.) and a lactate test meter (ARKRAY), respectively. Serum pyruvate values were determined using a pyruvate colorimetric assay kit (catalog K609; BioVision, Inc.) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The x axis was used as the baseline of the AUCs in our calculations.
6
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Mice
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For the oral glucose tolerance tests, during the eighth week of the experiment, the mice were fasted for 12 h before receiving an oral administration of D-glucose (1.5 g/kg). Blood samples were taken from the tail vein at 30 and 120 min following glucose administration, and the blood glucose was measured using a glucometer (Johnson and Johnson, Shanghai, China).
7
Lipid and Glucose Metabolism Analysis
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The levels of total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and free fatty acid (FFA) in serum were analyzed by the corresponding reagent kits (Zhongsheng Beikong Bioengineering Institute, Beijing, China). The levels of fasting glucose were determined using a glucometer (Johnson & Johnson, Milpitas, CA, USA).
8
Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Assays
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For glucose tolerance assay, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 2 mg/kg of glucose after 6 h fasting. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein. Glucose values were measured at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min post-injection with a glucometer (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA). For insulin tolerance assay, mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.75 mIU/g insulin after 4 h fasting, and glucose levels were measured at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min post-injection.
9
Glucose and Insulin Regulation in Mice
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Blood glucose concentrations were measured by glucometer (Johnson & Johnson, New Jersey, USA) from mice tail vein. For insulin release test, mice were fasted overnight, and glucose was delivered via intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight. Blood samples were taken from retroorbital venous plexus at the indicated time points for serum insulin measurement.
10
Metabolic and Renal Function Evaluation
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Body weights of all animals were measured at 10, 14, 18, 22 weeks of age. Before killing, blood samples were taken from the tail vein at 10, 14, 18, 22 weeks of age, and glucose levels were measured using a glucometer (Johnson & Johnson, US). Creatinine levels of animals in all groups on the 10, 14, 18, 22 weeks of age (five animals each) were measured using the Creatinine Assay Kit (BioAssay Systems, US) in samples obtained from the heart. One day before killing, all animals from each group were housed in D r a f t 8 metabolic cages in order to collect 24 h urine samples. Urinary albumin concentration was measured by the Rat Albumin ELISA Kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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