A ZIF connector (designed by LSBI to match the corresponding ribbon cable connector) was connected to the free-end of the connector. The PalmSens4 (PalmSens, Netherlands) potentiostat was used to record the impedance of exposed electrode through the entire length of the electrical track (15–20 mm). The working electrode of the PalmSens was connected to a jumper cable that was able to clip to each respective pin of the ZIF. A platinum counter electrode (BioLogic) with a surface area of 0.7 cm2 was used, and a silver/silver chloride reference electrode (Ag/AgCl) (Ohaus 30059253). The impedance behaviour was characterized over a frequency sweep from 1 MHz to 1 Hz, with 10 points per decade. The PalmSens4 was also used to assess the electrode stability with cyclic voltammetry. 3 scans were performed at a rate of 0.1 V/s, typically with a range from −1V to 1V. This voltage range was increased to −4V to 4V when trying to find the water window of some of the carbon-based conductive gel formulations.
Palmsens4
Manufactured by PalmSens
Sourced in Netherlands
The PalmSens4 is a portable potentiostat/galvanostat that is designed for electrochemical measurements. It provides a range of functionalities for various electrochemical techniques, including voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and impedance spectroscopy. The device is compact and battery-powered, making it suitable for on-site or field measurements.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Pstrace, by PalmSens (2 mentions)
Pstrace 5, by PalmSens (2 mentions)
Dxr raman microscope, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Cary 100 scan, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Fluorine doped tin oxide fto coated glass, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Su8030 fe sem, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Nafion, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Mux8 r2 multiplexer, by PalmSens (1 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
D5005 x ray diffractometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Origin 9, by OriginLab (1 mentions)
Uric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nrs 4100, by Jasco (1 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glucose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chitosan, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chi660e, by Chenhua (1 mentions)
Spotlight 200i sp2, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Jsm 7610f, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Keithley 2400, by Tektronix (1 mentions)
46 protocols using palmsens4
1
Characterization of Electrode Impedance
2
Electrochemical Probe Immobilization and Characterization
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After washing with IPE, the electrodes were electrochemically cleaned by applying cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 m H2SO4 (0–1.5 V, 100 mV s–1, 40 cycles). The electrodes were then incubated for 20 h with a 3 µL drop of 2 µm thiolated double‐stranded probe solution, which was reduced for 2 h prior to deposition with 2 mm TCEP solution in the dark at room temperature. After probe deposition, the electrodes were backfilled with 100 mm MCH for 15 min in the dark at room temperature. All of the electrochemical measurements were performed using a PalmSens4 (PalmSens).
3
Electrode-Ear Impedance Characterization
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The electrode–ear impedance measurements were performed with a potentiostat (PalmSens4, PalmSens) in a three-electrode setup, which characterized the impedance at the working electrode–ear interface. Here, all three electrodes were made of the same stretchable Ag material. The working electrode and reference electrode were two adjacent electrophysiological electrodes in the ear canal, and the reference electrode was the concha cymba REF electrode, as shown in Fig. 1i . The continuous impedance testing used the galvanostatic impedance spectroscopy method with an applied current range of 10 μA (iac = 0.01 × 10 = 100 nA), a total duration of 120 s and a fixed frequency at 10 Hz, which is a representative EEG frequency. The EIS testing also used the galvanostatic impedance spectroscopy method with an applied current range of 100 μA (iac = 0.01 × 100 = 1 μA) and a frequency range of 1 Hz–1 kHz. The galvanostatic impedance spectroscopy method strictly clamped the current level running into the body to ensure safety. Figure 2a–d show the grand average for both the continuous impedance and the EIS experiments; 6 electrophysiological electrode–ear impedance recordings across 2 participants were obtained and averaged to produce the results.
4
Electrochemical Characterization of Gel Bilayers
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The encapsulated gel bilayer and the encapsulated bare ion gel single layer were placed in a chamber (TH3‐PE, Jeio Tech, Korea) at 25 °C, R.H. = 30%, or R.H. = 90% for 120 h. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the gel bilayer was measured by a potentiostat (Palmsens4, Palmsens, Netherland) at AC 0.03V in the frequency range of 10−1–106 Hz.
5
Electrochemical Characterization of Modified Electrode
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All electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed using PalmSens4 controlled with PSTrace software version 5.8. The assembly used comprises an electrochemical cell, which contains three electrodes: the modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) as a working electrode, Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode, and a platinum electrode as an auxiliary electrode.
6
Optoelectronic Characterization of Photoactive Blends
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Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass (surface resistivity ~7 Ω/sq, Sigma-Aldrich Israel Ltd.) was used as a conductive transparent WE and coated with materials as described above. The FTO-coated substrates were dipped in a 0.1 M KCl solution in a glass cuvette (3/G/10, Starna Scientific Ltd.) with a Pt wire as CE and a Ag/AgCl pellet (E206 Warner Instruments, LLC) RE. The setup was put inside a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Cary 100 Scan, Agilent Technologies, Inc.) and connected to an external potentiostat (Palmsens4, PalmSens BV) as a controller. To calculate the expected spectrum of the blend a rule of mixtures was applied according to the equation:
7
Electrochemical Analysis of Metal Cations
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The sensing measurements were conducted with a PalmSens4 portable potentiostat (Palmsens BV, GA Houten, Netherlands) and screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) featuring a carbon counter electrode, a graphite working electrode, and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. 65 The selection of an appropriate buffer as an electrolyte for metal analysis was necessary to avoid the metal cations precipitation. 66 Therefore, HAcO-NaAcO buffer solution (ABS (0.1 M), pH = 5.6) was used as the supporting electrolyte. The electrochemical responses for ABS (0.1 M, pH = 5.6) containing the target cations were recorded by square wave voltammetry measurements in the potential range from -1.3 V to + 1.0 V, modulation amplitude of 50 mV, step potential of ±5 mV, and equilibration time of 5 s.
8
Electrochemical Glucose Sensing with PB/Ti3C2Tx/GOx
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All electrochemical characterization was carried out using a portable PalmSens4 (PalmSens, Houten, The Netherlands) (Figure S1a ). For the electrochemical detection of blood glucose, chronoamperometry was tested by using USB-C Sensit Smart (PalmSens, Houten, The Netherlands) with PStouch app for Android smart phone as showed in Figure S1b . A CO2 laser cutting machine (60 Watt.) (Cnmanlaser, model MAN-6090, Qingdao, China) was purchased from the MIT group, Thailand. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis were performed at the National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand. HITACHI SU8030 FESEM (Tokyo, Japan) were used to study the morphology of the modified electrode.
The electrochemical properties of PB/Ti3C2Tx/GOx/Nafion on SPIL-GE were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) with 5 mM ferri/ferrocyanide in 0.1 M KCl solution. The chronoamperometry technique was used for characterization to find the optimal concentration of modified nanomaterial and selection of optimal detection potential conditions for quantitative determination of glucose.
The electrochemical properties of PB/Ti3C2Tx/GOx/Nafion on SPIL-GE were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) with 5 mM ferri/ferrocyanide in 0.1 M KCl solution. The chronoamperometry technique was used for characterization to find the optimal concentration of modified nanomaterial and selection of optimal detection potential conditions for quantitative determination of glucose.
9
Electrochemical CRP Quantification in Tris-HCl
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The iceCaDI device was connected to the portable potentiostat (PalmSens4) and secured in a flat horizontal position. Then, 120 μL of the diluted sample in running buffer (100 mM Tri-HCl buffer) was loaded into the inlet of the device to initiate flow and the sequential delivery of ELISA reagents to the electrodes. Tris-HCl buffer was chosen because it is used commercially for CRP assays. Chronoamperometry was performed with an applied potential of 0.0 V for 480 s to monitor TMB reduction using PSTrance 5.9. Under flow conditions, the chronoamperogram shows an increase in current because the TMB that has been oxidized with the help of the enzyme is reduced at the electrode. The current then decreases, forming a peak, because the plug of oxidized TMB is washed downstream from the electrode over time. For quantification, the three values at the top of the peak were averaged and used to calculate the CRP concentration. The iceCaDI device was discarded after a single use.
10
Electrochemical Characterization of NdTiO2+xN1-x
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A conventional
three-electrode
setup was used to perform all the electrochemical measurements in
1 M NaOH electrolyte (pH = 13.6). The FTO slide deposited with NdTiO2+xN1–x was used as a working electrode with an exposed geometrical surface
area of ca. 0.79 cm2. Platinum wire and a 1 M Ag/AgCl electrode
were used as counter and reference electrodes, respectively. The recorded
potential vs 1 M Ag/AgCl was converted subsequently vs RHE according
to the Nernst equation ERHE = E1 M Ag/AgClθ + 0.059 V × pH + EAg/AgCl. The light source was 1 sun simulated solar irradiation
(AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm–2) generated by a solar light
simulator (class-AAA 94023A, Newport) with an ozone-free 450 W xenon
short-arc lamp. Mott–Schottky measurements were conducted by
using the Gamry INTERFACE 1010T potentiostat/galvanostat/ZRA workstation
at an ac amplitude of 5 mV and different frequencies under dark conditions.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was measured at 1.0 V
vs RHE in an ac potential frequency range of 20 kHz–0.2 Hz
under an AM 1.5G illumination. The linear square voltammetry (LSV)
curves were swept negatively at a scan rate of 10 mV s–1, and chronoamperometry (CA) curves at a constant bias 1.23 V vs
RHE were recorded with a potentiostat (PalmSens4, PalmSens BV). Open-circuit
photovoltages (OCPV) were collected under chopped illumination.
three-electrode
setup was used to perform all the electrochemical measurements in
1 M NaOH electrolyte (pH = 13.6). The FTO slide deposited with NdTiO2+xN1–x was used as a working electrode with an exposed geometrical surface
area of ca. 0.79 cm2. Platinum wire and a 1 M Ag/AgCl electrode
were used as counter and reference electrodes, respectively. The recorded
potential vs 1 M Ag/AgCl was converted subsequently vs RHE according
to the Nernst equation ERHE = E1 M Ag/AgClθ + 0.059 V × pH + EAg/AgCl. The light source was 1 sun simulated solar irradiation
(AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm–2) generated by a solar light
simulator (class-AAA 94023A, Newport) with an ozone-free 450 W xenon
short-arc lamp. Mott–Schottky measurements were conducted by
using the Gamry INTERFACE 1010T potentiostat/galvanostat/ZRA workstation
at an ac amplitude of 5 mV and different frequencies under dark conditions.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was measured at 1.0 V
vs RHE in an ac potential frequency range of 20 kHz–0.2 Hz
under an AM 1.5G illumination. The linear square voltammetry (LSV)
curves were swept negatively at a scan rate of 10 mV s–1, and chronoamperometry (CA) curves at a constant bias 1.23 V vs
RHE were recorded with a potentiostat (PalmSens4, PalmSens BV). Open-circuit
photovoltages (OCPV) were collected under chopped illumination.
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