Em scd005

The morphological studies were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, MIRA3 by Tescan™) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDS) [93 ]. Before the analysis, the carbonaceous material was sputtered with a carbon coater (EM SCD005, Leica™).

FE-SEM was used to analyze the topographic details on the surface of the nanoparticles. images were obtained with an accelerating voltage of 10 kV using a Tescan model MIRA3 (Tescan company, Czech Republic). All samples were coated with 8nm gold using a gold sputter Leica EM SCD005 instrument before imaging. The morphology of synthesized Fe₃O₄ was analyzed by using a transmission electron microscope (TEM, Zeiss EM10C, Oberkochen, Germany) at 100 kV.

The size distribution of the particles was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern Instruments, United Kingdom). Size measurement was performed in triplicate at room temperature. The morphology of the nanoparticles was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM, Bruker, Germany). A drop of nanoparticles was spread on mica and imaged using Tap 150Al-G Silicon AFM probes in ScanAsyst mode. The nanoparticles were also observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, PHILIPS XL-30E, Netherlands) at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV. The samples were sputter-coated with gold using a sputtering device (Leica EM SCD005, Germany). All tests were performed in triplicate.

To evaluate the cell attachment and viability of the material, SHED-seeded APC and APC-CT were observed after the direct contact by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) as described earlier [29 (link)]. The materials were placed in 6-well plates and seeded with 1.5 × 10⁵ cells on top of the material discs and left for 30 min. The wells were filled with culture medium to cover the seeded cells and then incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO₂. After 3 days, the cells were washed with distilled water and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde at 4 °C for 2 h and then dehydrated in graded series of ethanol concentrations (30%, 50% for 10 min each; 70%, 90%, 100%, 100% for 5 min each) and dried in a desiccator. Eight material discs (two per group) were prepared for cell attachment examination. Then, the material specimens were gold-coated by a sputter coating machine (EM SCD005, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) and viewed by FESEM (Quanta FEG 450, Fei, Hillsboro, OR, USA).

The Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a microscope that uses electron beams to produce an accurate image of the sample, through focusing the beam of electrons to interact with the atoms producing various signals that are translated into information regarding the topography and the composition of the sample. The topography (surface morphology), as well as the proniosome’s shape, was studied using the SEM. Proniosome powders (FN1, FN2, and FN3) were examined separately by SEM. Each sample was sprinkled over an aluminum stub using double-sided adhesive carbon tape, then samples were stored under a vacuum until total removal of air in ‘Leica Em SCD005′ sputter coater. The samples were sputter-coated with gold for 60 s to get a thickness of 14 nm. After the coating, the surface morphology (roundness, smoothness, and formation of aggregates) of proniosomes was scanned by Carl Zeiss AG-EVO^® 50 Series under a magnification power that ranged from 50 x to 4k x [15 (link)].

As the first step, fracture surfaces of the three types of filaments used were analyzed, after brittle fracture in liquid nitrogen, using SEM, namely the neat filament of PA6,6 only and the pair of composite filaments with 5 and 10 wt.% reinforcement in recycled CFs. Prior to the SEM analysis, the specimens were sputter-coated with carbon to make the material conductive for the analysis. This pre-treatment was performed using an EM SCD005 vacuum sputter coater (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany).

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was conducted using a Mira3 FEG-SEM (Tescan, Brno, Czech Republic). Prior to the study, each sample was cut into small pieces of approximately 1 cm. Subsequently, the fragments were fixed, through a carbon adhesive tape, on a metallic stub and then made conductive by graphite sputtering (EM SCD005 vacuum sputter coater, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany).