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6 protocols using absolute ethanol

1

Synthesis of Multifunctional Silica Nanoparticles

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Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS), ethylene glycol (EG), silver nitrate (AgNO3, > 99.99%), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), octylamine (OA), rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), N,N′-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), and bovine serum albumin (BSA, > 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used without further purification. Absolute ethanol (99.9%), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 27%), 2-propanol (99%), and ethanol (98%) were purchased from Daejung Chemicals (Siheung, Korea). Succinimidyl esters conjugated with Alexa Fluor (AF) 563, 594, 610-X, and 633 were purchased from Invitrogen Inc. (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 137 mM NaCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, 2.0 mM KH2PO4, and 2.7 mM KCl at pH 7.4) was prepared in-house. Deionized (DI) water was used for all experiments. Herceptin (anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (anti-HER2) monoclonal antibody) and Cetuximab (anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) monoclonal antibody) were purchased from Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany).
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2

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, 99%), L-ascorbic acid (AA, 99%), tetrachloroauric (III) trihydrate (HAuCl4∙3H2O, 99.9%), 1-dodecanethiol (≥98%), and sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. n-Hexane (85%) and absolute ethanol were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals. L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate (99%, TCI) and D-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate (99%, TCI) were used without further purification. All aqueous solutions were prepared using high-purity deionized water (18.2 MΩ/cm).
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3

Antioxidant Evaluation of Essential Oils

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Absolute ethanol was purchased from Daejung (South Korea). Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chromane-2-carboxylic acid), DPPH (2,2′-diphenyl-1-hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, and potassium persulfate were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (USA). ß-Caryophyllene was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Japan). Camphor and endo-borneol were provided by Alfa Aesar (USA). Thiophene was the internal standard for EO analysis (Sigma, USA). All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.
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4

Preparation and Characterization of Fatty Acid Stock Solutions

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DHA (catalog number 90310, >98% purity) and arachidonic acids (90010, >98% purity) were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Docosanoic acids were purchased from Matreya (1035, 99% purity, State College, PA, USA). They were dissolved in absolute ethanol (Daejung, Siheung, Korea, 0005–20287) to obtain a 10 mM stock, aliquoted and stored at −20 °C until used. The DHA stock solution was diluted in culture media to generate working solutions freshly before experiment. The chemical composition and possible modification of DHA were examined upon arrival through NMR and LC/MS analysis (Supplementary Figures 1 and 2). Upon arrival or after several-months storage, no chemical modification was observed in DHA. Additional information is available in Supplementary Methods.
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5

Bioactive Silica-Based Scaffold Fabrication

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All reagents were used as received from the suppliers without further purification. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS), bovine serum albumin (BSA), phalloidin, β-glycerophosphate, L-ascorbic acid, and Alizarin Red S were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Absolute ethanol (99.9%) and aqueous ammonium hydroxide (25.0–28.0%, NH4OH) were purchased from Daejung (Sihung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea). Dichloromethane was purchased from Samchun (Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) and tris-buffered saline (pH 8.0) were purchased from DYNE BIO (Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea). Enzymatic solution (ADICOL) and CEFOgro™ENDO were obtained from CEFO Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Republic of Korea). Dexamethasone was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA). Water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1 reagent) was purchased from Daeil Lab Service (Seoul, Republic of Korea). Deionized water (DW) was produced using a Millipore water purification system of Vivagen (Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea). CD31 antibody was purchased from BD Pharmingen Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). FITC-conjugated secondary antibody was purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA, USA). CdSe@ZnS QDs in toluene (100 mg/mL) were purchased from Zeus (Osan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea).
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6

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Evaluation

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Absolute ethanol was purchased from Daejung (South Korea). Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chromane-2-carboxylic acid), Thiophene, DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt), and Potassium persulfate were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (USA). ß-Caryophyllene was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Japan). Camphor, and endo-borneol were provided by Alfa Aesar (USA). All chemicals and reagents were analytical grades.
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