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18 protocols using ah7614

1

Preparation of Lipid-Based Bioactive Solutions

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In total, 40 mM PA solution: PA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA, 0.0614 g) was added to 3 ml NaOH solution (0.1 mol/l), placed in a 75 °C full saponification water bath for 30 min until the PA particles are completely dissolved and the liquid is colorless and transparent. Then the liquid was added to 3 ml BSA (40%, free of fatty acid) solution immediately with sufficient mixing. In total, 100 mM AH7614 solution: AH7614 (TOCRIS, England, 10 mg) was dissolved in 285 μl DMSO. In total, 100 mM GW1100 solution: 5 mg GW1100 (MCE, America, 5 mg) was dissolved in 960 μl DMSO. In total, 10 mM Bay 11-7082 solution: Bay 11-7082 (MCE, America, 5 mg) was dissolved in 2.41 ml DMSO.
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2

Preparation and Characterization of PA Solution

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The preparation of 40 mM PA solution: PA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA, 0.0614 g) was injected into 3 mL of 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution, and the mixture was placed in a full saponification water bath at 75℃ for half an hour until the PA particles were completely dissolved and the liquid had turned colorless and apparent. Afterward, 3 mL of BSA (40%, free of fatty acid) solution was injected into the liquid followed by thorough mixing. Next, 100 mM AH7614 solution was prepared by dissolving AH7614 (TOCRIS, England, 10 mg) in 285 µL of DMSO. The 100 mM GW1100 solution was prepared by dissolving 5 mg of GW1100 (MCE, America, 5 mg) in 960 µL of DMSO.
Turkish galls (Quercus infectoria Oliv.) is a finished product donated by Professor Han Bo from the School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University. In this study, dry powdered Turkish galls were dissolved in sterile PBS at the required concentration and used for subsequent experiments. The insect galls was identified by Professor Bo Han. Voucher specimens (NO. 20,160,305) were preserved in the School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University.
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3

Calcium Signaling in Differentiated Cells

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Differentiated cells were incubated for 1 h at RT with the calcium‐sensitive dye Fluo‐4‐AM (Invitrogen) in Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate buffer (Sigma). Hereafter, the cells were washed twice with buffer, followed by live cell imaging with a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM 510, Zeiss) and stimulation with TUG‐891 (10 μM), with or without preincubation with the GPR120 antagonist AH7614 for 5 min (100 μM; Tocris) or the Gαq inhibitor YM‐254890 for 30 min (0.1 μM, Alpha Laboratories).
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4

Induction and Measurement of Murine Contact Hypersensitivity

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Murine contact hypersensitivity was induced as described previously.13 (link) In brief, on day 0, the abdominal skin of each mouse was shaved and then treated with 25 μL of 0.5% (vol/vol) DNFB (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) dissolved in a mixture of acetone and olive oil (acetone:olive oil, 4:1; both reagents from Nacalai Tesque). On day 5, the fronts and backs of both ears were challenged with 0.2% (vol/vol) DNFB (10 μL per site). In some experiments, mice intraperitoneally received either GW1100 (1 mg/kg body weight; Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), AH7614 (1 mg/kg body weight; Tocris Biosciences, Bristol, UK), or GW9662 (1 mg/kg body weight; Abcam plc, Cambridge, UK) which act as selective antagonist for GPR40, GPR120 or PPARγ, respectively.60 (link),68 ,69 (link) Ear thickness was measured by using a micrometer (model MDC-25MJ 293-230; Mitsutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan). Ear swelling was calculated as: (ear thickness [μm] after DNFB application) − (ear thickness [μm] before DNFB application) = Δ μm.
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5

Agonist and Antagonist Effects on Cells

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MOR agonist—DAMGO was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznan, Poland), whereas DOR agonist—DPDPE was obtained from TriMen Chemicals (Lodz, Poland). FFAR ligands, including a FFAR4 agonist—GSK 137647, a FFAR4 antagonist—AH 7614 and a FFAR2 antagonist—GLPG 0974 and naloxone were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). DSS (MW 40,000) was purchased from PanReac AppliChem, Lot No.9J013322 (Darmstadt, Germany). All drugs were dissolved in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in saline, which was used as a vehicle; DSS was dissolved in tap water. The vehicle in the used concentration had no effects on the observed parameters.
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6

Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Activation

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Bone marrow cells (BMCs) were isolated and cultured in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; 10 ng/mL) and IL-4 (5 ng/mL) (both from PeproTech, Cranbury, NJ, USA) for five days to induce immature DCs (immature DC culture phase). Cells were further incubated with GM-CSF (10 ng/mL) and TNF-α (50 ng/mL, PeproTech) on type I collagen-coated plates for three more days (mature DC induction phase). LPS (0.1 μg/mL) was added on day 7 to further promote DC maturation. BAY 87-2243, MK2206, LY294002, GSK621, SCH772984 (all from Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA), TUG891 (Tocris) or AH7614 (Tocris) was added into the medium as figure legends described.
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7

Investigating Akt and FAK Signaling

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OA sodium salt and A6730 were from Sigma. AG1478 was from Calbiochem. LY294002, Akt2 siRNAs, antibodies (Abs) against Akt1 (5C10), Akt2 (F-7), and FAK (C-20) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Paxillin Ab was from Invitrogen. FFAR4 Ab was from OriGene (Rockville, MD, USA). Phosphospecific Ab to Thr-308/Thr-309 of Akt1/Akt2 (anti-p-Akt-Thr) (244F9), and Ser-473/Ser-474 of Akt1/Akt2 (anti-p-Akt-Ser) (9271S) were from Cell Signaling. Phosphospecific Ab to tyrosine (Tyr)-397 of FAK (anti-p-FAK) was from Invitrogen. Actin monoclonal Ab was kindly provided by PhD Manuel Hernandez (Cinvestav-IPN). DC260126 and AH7614 were from Tocris (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Basement membrane matrix (BD Matrigel) was from BD Biosciences (Bedford, MA, USA). (γ-32P) ATP was from Perkin-Elmer.
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8

Generation and Characterization of Mutant FFA4 Receptors

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Wild-type (WT) flag-tagged FFA4-S and FFA4-L constructs were generated as previously described (16 (link)). Mutant receptors lacking the β-arrestin phosphosensor (19 (link)) were truncated after amino acid residue 340 in FFA4-S (FFA4-S-Δ340) and after residue 356 in FFA4-L (FFA4-L-Δ356) and created via overlapping PCR and cloned into pcDNA3.1, as we described previously (16 (link)). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and bisindolylmaleimide II (BIMII) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). PMA was used at a concentration of 1 μM throughout the study. 8-Amino-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro-7-phenyl-pyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine sodium salt (L-012) was obtained from Wako Chemicals USA (Richmond, VA). Initially, TUG-891 and AH7614 were purchased from Tocris (Minneapolis, MN) and Sigma-Aldrich, respectively, and were later synthesized as described in 2.2. All other chemicals used were obtained at the highest available purity from Thermo Fisher Scientific or Sigma-Aldrich.
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9

Breast Cancer Cell Line Treatments

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MCF-7, T47-D, SK-BR-3 and ZR-75-1 cell lines were purchased from American Type Culture Collection. MCF-7, T47-D, and ZR-75-1 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium plus 10% fetal bovine serum, and SK-BR-3 in McCoy's 5a medium plus 10% fetal bovine serum. The MCF-7/ADM cell line was a gift from Dr. Jian Jin, Jiangnan University (Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), and it was cultured in RPMI-1640 medium plus 10% fetal bovine serum and 1 μg/ml epirubicin. All cell lines were mycoplasma free and cultured no longer than 2 months after recovering. Cells were seeded, allowed to adhere, and subsequently treated with 10 μM GW9508 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 10 μM TUG891 (Tocris, Minneapolis, MN, USA), 50 μM AH7614 (Tocris), 5 μM PGP-4008 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), 25 μM MK-571 (Sigma-Aldrich), 5 μM fumitremorgin C (Sigma-Aldrich), or 10 μM BAY11–7082 (Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA).
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10

Investigating GPR120 Agonists and Antagonists

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GPR120 agonists GW9508 and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); GPR120 antagonist AH7614 was from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO, USA). Anti-GPR120 antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA); anti-Bax, anti-iNOS, anti-MCP-1, anti-NF-κB antibodies were from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Anti-caspase 3, anit-IL-1β, anti-phospho-NF-κB, anti-PAPR, anti-phospho-γ-H2AX, anti-TAK1 (transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1), anti-phospho-TAK1, and anti-TNF-α antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA) and anti-β-actin were from EMD Millipore (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-NLRP3 and anti-IL-6 were form Protein Technologies (Tucson, AZ, USA) and Biorbyt Ltd. (Taipei, Taiwan), respectively.
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