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14 protocols using anti podocin

1

Dapagliflozin Cytotoxicity and Cholesterol Assay

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Dapagliflozin was purchased from the MedChemExpress Bio-Technology company (HY-10,450). A 10 mM stocking solution was dissolved and stored at -80˚C. RPMI 1640 medium and foetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco, Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Trypsin/EDTA was purchased from HyClone (Logan, UT, USA). WST-8 cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assay kit was purchased from Dojindo (CK04, Kumamoto, Japan). A cholesterol detection assay kit was purchased from Beijing Applygen Technologies (E-1015). The phalloidine staining reagent was purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich company. Nile acid was purchased from Macklin Inc (49,409). The siRNA specific for KLF-5 was designed and provided by the Genomeditech Company (Shanghai). Reagents for real-time PCR were purchased from Takara.
Primary antibodies are detailed as follows: Anti-ABCA1 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, UK) for WB and IHC. Anti-KLF 5 (Abclonal, China) for WB and IHC. Anti-podocin (Abcam, UK); anti-nephrin (Abcam, UK); anti-LDLR (Abcam, UK); Anti-HMGCR (Abcam, UK); Anti-podocin (Abcam, UK); anti-Bax (Abcam, UK); anti-Bcl-2 (Abcam, UK); anti-caspase 3 (Abcam, UK); and, anti-GAPDH (Proteintech, China). Rats were purchased from the Animal Experimental Centre of Shandong University. All other materials and reagents were endotoxin-free and supplied by the central lab of Shandong Provincial Hospital.
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2

Autophagy Regulation in Podocytes

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Rapamycin (RP) and chloroquine (CQ) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA. Antibodies against LC3, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p-mTOR were acquired from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. Anti-Cx43, anti-podocin, anti-nephrin and anti-p62 antibodies were obtained from Abcam. Anti-GAPDH was purchased from CWBio.
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3

Podocyte Autophagy Regulation Mechanisms

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Aldo, rapamycin (RP), chloroquine (CQ), 3-methyladenine (3-MA), tunicamycin (Tun), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TAUDC), and anti-β-actin antibody were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Antibodies against LC3, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p- mTOR, S6K1, p-S6K1, 4EBP1, p-4EBP1, GRP78, GRP94, CHOP, FOXO1, p-FOXO1, Rab5, and Rab7 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). Anti-Podocin, anti-Nephrin, and anti-p62 antibodies were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). P300, Ac-FOXO1, and nestin antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA).
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4

Kidney Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry

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Mice were anesthetized using a zoletil-xylazine cocktail during perfusion with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Kidney was vertically dissected and fixed with 10% formalin. Kidney sections (3 μm in thickness) were stained with Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain (Sigma). Kidney pathology was evaluated using a lupus nephritis classification system as described in a previous study (16 (link)). Immunohistochemistry was performed using a Vectastain ABC kit (Vector). Tissue sections were incubated with anti-nephrin (Progen), anti-synaptopodin (Abcam), anti-podocin (Abcam), or isotype control antibodies (Abcam) at 4°C overnight. Staining was developed using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine chromogen (Dako). Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin QS (Vector).
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5

Diabetic Kidney Disease Biomarker Analysis

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Serum creatinine (SCr) (lot#: C011-1-1), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (#C013-1-1), serum uric acid (SUA) (#C012-1-1), triglyceride (TG) (#A110-1-1), total cholesterol (TC) (#A111-1-1), and urine protein (#C035-2-1) assay kits were from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Anti-α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) antibody (#bs-0189R) was purchased from Beijing Biosynthesis Biotechnology Co.,Ltd. (Beijing, China). Anti-Rac1(#ab33186), anti-GTP-Rac1 (#ab33186), anti-p-PAK1 (#ab75599), anti-p38MAPK (#ab195049), anti-p-p38MAPK (#ab47363), anti-β-catenin (#ab32572), anti-Podocin (#ab50339), and anti-nephrin (#ab216341) antibodies were from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom). Anti-β-actin (#66009-1-Ig), anti-fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1) (#16105-1-AP), anti-PAK1 (#21401-1-AP), anti-snail (#13099-1-AP), HRP goat anti-mouse IgG (#SA00001-1), and HRP goat anti-rabbit IgG (#SA00001-2) antibodies were from Proteintech (Chicago, United States). Trizol (#15596026) was from Thermo Scientific (MA, United States). A Reverse Transcription kit (#CW2569) was purchased from CWBio Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). STZ (#WXBC8740V) was from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. (MO, United States). Metformin (#A181224) from Zhejian Yatai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shaoxing, China).
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6

Protein Extraction and Immunoblotting Protocol

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Cytosolic proteins were extracted using RIPA buffer containing Halt protease/phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Thermo). Membrane fraction of cell lysates were extracted using Mem-PER Plus membrane protein extraction kit (Thermo). For immunoblotting, proteins (15–30 μg for each sample) were separated by 10–12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Biorad) and probed with the following antibodies: anti-pSTAT1Y701, anti-STAT1, anti-pSTAT3Y705, anti-pSTAT3S727, anti-STAT3, anti-p-JAK2, anti-JAK2 (Cell signaling technology), anti-nephrin (Progen), anti-podocin, anti-Na/K ATPase (Abcam) and anti-β-actin (Sigma). Subsequently, membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG or goat anti-mouse IgG (Thermo). Reactive proteins on membranes were visualized using a SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent substrate (Thermo). These membranes were then exposed to an Amersham Imager 600 (GE Healthcare).
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Autophagy and Podocyte Markers

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The kidneys were immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Kidney cross-sections were dewaxed heated for antigen retrieval, incubated with 3% H2O2 to block endogenous peroxidase activity and blocked with 1% BSA. Then, the sections were incubated at 4°C overnight with the following primary antibodies: anti-LC3 (B) (Cell Signaling Technology, 1:50), anti-P62/SQSTM1 (Abcam, 1:100), anti-nephrin (Abcam, 1:100), and anti-podocin (Abcam, 1:100). The sections were incubated with the relevant secondary antibodies, and the positive staining was visualized by staining with diaminobenzidine (DAB) and counterstaining with hematoxylin and examined under an electron microscope at a magnification of 400×. All images were quantified with Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software.
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8

Mitochondrial Dynamics in Kidney Injury

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Adriamycin (ADR, catalog number D1515) and dihydroethidium (DHE, catalog number D7008) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Hyperoside (HPS) was purchased Zelang Biological Technology Company (Nanjing, China). Anti-nephrin (catalog number ab58968), anti-podocin (catalog number ab50339), anti-PGC-1α (catalog number ab54481), phosphor Anti-Drp1 (S637) (catalog number ab193216) and anti-VDAC (voltage-dependent anion channel, catalog number ab34726) antibodies were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Anti-Drp1 (catalog number sc-32898) and anti-Mfn-1 (catalog number sc-166644) antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA). anti-GAPDH was purchased from Sanying biotechnology (Wuhan, China, catalog number 10494-1-AP). All secondary antibodies for immunoblot analysis were from Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology (Beijing, China, catalog number ZB-2301). MitoSOX (catalog number M36008) and 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA, catalog number C6827) were from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA).
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9

Salidroside Modulates Podocyte Function

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Salidroside (purity >98%; catalog no. 110818) was from National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). ADR (doxorubicin hydrochloride; purity >98%; catalog no. D1515) and the antibody anti‐α‐tubulin (catalog no. T9026) were provided from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The antibodies anti‐nephrin (catalog no. ab216341), anti‐podocin (catalog no. ab50339), anti‐β‐catenin (catalog no. ab32572), anti‐fibronectin (catalog no. ab2413), anti‐collagenⅠ(catalog no. ab34710) and anti‐β‐Actin (catalog no. ab8226) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The antibodies anti‐α‐SMA (smooth muscle actin) (catalog no. #19245), anti‐Lamin A/C (catalog no. #4777), anti‐MMP7 (matrix metalloproteinase 7) (catalog no. #3801), anti‐AGT (angiotensinogen) (catalog no. #79299), anti‐PAI‐1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1) (catalog no. #11907), anti‐Axin2 (catalog no. #2151), anti‐Cyclin D1 (catalog no. 2978) and anti‐Snail (catalog no. #3879) were from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverley, MA, USA). Lipofectamine 2000 (catalog no. 11668019) was from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Recombinant IFN‐γ (interferon γ) (catalog no. PHC4033) was obtained from ThemoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).
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10

Huaier Cream Polysaccharide Extraction and Characterization

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Huaier cream, the hot water extract of Trametes robiniophila Murr., was bought from Gaitianli Pharmaceutical Co. (Qidong, Jiangsu Province, China). Huaier cream is a complex of polysaccharide, proteins, and mineral substances, of which 95% is the effective substance, polysaccharide. Polysaccharide, 30,000D, is soluble in water. The PH of aqueous solution is 5-6. Caelyx (liposomal ADR) was purchased from Merck (Whitehouse Station, NJ). Anti-cytochrome c antibody and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). We used anti-nephrin, anti-podocin (Abcam, Cambridge, MA), anti-PGC-1α (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), anti-COX IV, and anti-β-actin antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA). SYBR Green master mix for real-time PCR was provided by Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA).
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