Moxifloxacin

Isolated yeast strains were tested against 30 antibiotics with different modes of actions such as amikacin (MD001), amoxycillin (MD002), azithromycin (MD004), benzyl penicillin (MD062), cefalexin (cephalexin) (MD014), cefepime (MD070), cefotaxime (cephotaxime) (MD064), chloramphenicol (MD016), ciprofloxacin (MD017), erythromycin (MD022), gemifloxacin (MD076), gentamicin (MD061), kanamycin (MD026), levofloxacin (MD027), methicillin (MD031), moxifloxacin (MD033), neomycin (MD036), norfloxacin (MD038), ofloxacin (MD039), pefloxacin (MD040), polymyxin-B (MD043), rifampicin (MD045), roxithromycin (MD046), streptomycin (MD048), sulphadiazine (MD050), sulphamethizole (MD052), teicoplanin (MD055), vancomycin (MD060), tetracycline (MD056), meropenem (SD727) (Himedia, Mumbai, India) with standard antibiotic concentration previously determined by testing against pathogens [17 (link)]. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measured after 48 h of incubation at 30 °C.

The antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method [37 (link)]. The standard antibiotic discs were procured from ‘HiMedia, Mumbai, India, which include polymyxin-B (300 µg), amoxiclav (30 µg), rifampicin (5 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), oxacillin (5 µg), amikacin (30 µg), cefoxitin (30 µg), cefepime (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), cefdinir (5 µg), penicillin g (10 µg), moxifloxacin (5 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), neomycin (10 µg), ofloxacin (5 µg), norfloxacin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), bacitracin (10 µg), co-trimoxazole (25 µg), methicillin (10 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), levofloxacin (5 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), clindamycin (2 µg), gentamycin (120 µg), and sterile disc (control). The antibiotic discs were placed onto the freshly prepared lawns of each isolate on Mueller–Hinton agar (MHA) plates. The plates were incubated at 40 °C for 24–48 h, and the diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured in millimetres. The strains were classified in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [38 ], following the standard antibiotic disc chart.

The susceptibility of the tested isolates to different antibiotic classes was determined by the standard disc diffusion technique, and the results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2018) standards [65 ], using Piperacillin (PI, 100 μg), Piperacillin-Tazobactam (PIT, 110 μg), Ceftazidime (CAZ, 30 μg), Cefepime (CPM, 30 μg), Imipenem (IPM, 10 μg), Meropenem (MRP, 10 μg), Aztreonam (AT, 30 μg), Gentamicin (GEN, 10 μg), Ciprofloxacin (CIP, 5 μg), Levofloxacin (LE, 5 μg), and Moxifloxacin (MO, 5 μg) discs (Himedia, India). P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was included in the experiments as a quality control strain. The MDR phenotype of the tested isolates was defined as resistance to at least three classes of antibiotics [22 (link)].