Cleaved caspase 3 c caspase 3

Human MSCs (hMSCs) were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Biowhittaker (Walkersville, MD, USA). Hydrogen peroxide solution was obtained from the Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38 MAPK, phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), JNK, phospho-ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM, phospho-p53, p53, phospho-PI3K, PI3K, phospho-Akt, and Akt antibodies were obtained from New England BioLabs (Hertfordshire, UK). Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), Bcl-2, BAX, cleaved caspase-3 (c-caspase-3), and poly (ADP ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Delaware, CA, USA). Goat anti-rabbit or mouse IgG antibody was purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch (West Grove, PA, USA). Lycopene and Akt inhibitor were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).