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144 protocols using mcp 1

1

Cytokine Quantification in Macrophages and Tissue

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The secretion of cytokine (MCP-1) (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) in the culture of LPS-stimulated macrophages was measured using ELISA kits by following the manufacturer’s instruction. Additionally, the production of cytokines TNF-α in serum and MCP-1, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the culture supernatants of colonic tissue of mice upon treatments (eBioscience) were quantified using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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2

Investigating TNFα-mediated Inflammation in RASF

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To assess the effect of TNFα in the presence or absence of Rapamycin on pro-inflammatory mediators, RASF were seeded in 48-well plates at a density of 3 × 104 and allowed to attach overnight. Cells were incubated in serum-free RPMI-1640 for 24 h and subsequently pre-treated for 2 h with Rapamycin (100 nM) or Verteporfin (50 nM) where indicated before being stimulated with TNFα (1 ng/ml). Supernatants were harvested and levels of IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES were measured by specific ELISA (MCP-1: eBiosciences, USA; IL-8, RANTES: R&D systems, UK) according to manufacturer’s conditions.
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3

Quantifying Inflammatory Markers in Murine Renal Tissue

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The concentrations of pro-inflammatory chemokines, MCP-1, MIP-2, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) from mouse renal tissues, and IL-8 from the medium under different conditions were measured using ELISA kits (MCP-1, PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA), (MIP-2, MyBioSource, San Deigo, CA, USA), (NGAL, Bioporto, Hellerup, Denmark), (IL-8, Koma Biotech, Seoul, South Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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4

Methotrexate Alters Inflammatory Markers

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Confluent Hi and Lo cells were maintained for 24 h in fresh medium prior to treatment with 0.5μM MTX. After a further 48 h MCP-1, IL-8, and C3 concentrations in medium from MTX treated and untreated control cells were measured in biological triplicates using MCP-1 (PeproTech, Inc, Rocky Hill, NJ), IL-8 (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA), and C3 (Innovative Research, Novi, MI) ELISA kits, with adjustment for protein content in the corresponding cell fraction. All individual samples were assayed in duplicate.
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5

Blood Biomarker Profiling Protocol

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We collected whole blood samples and centrifuged them at 5000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C. Plasma levels of triglycerides (T7532, Pointe scientific Inc, Canton, MI), high density lipoprotein (HDL, H7511, Pointe scientific Inc), total cholesterol (C7510, Pointe scientific Inc), aspartate transaminase (AST, EASTR-100, BioAssay Systems, Hayward, CA) and alanine transaminase (ALT, EALT-100, BioAssay Systems) were measured with a colorimetric method as followed in the manufacturer’s instructions. Hemolyzed samples were eliminated for AST or ALT detection. ELISA determined plasma IL6 (88–7064, Invitrogen) and MCP-1 (88–7391, Invitrogen) levels.
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6

Cytokine and Chemokine ELISA Analysis

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ELISA was performed to detect the secreted cytokines and chemokines in sera or cell culture supernatants. Mouse IL-6 (BD biosciences, 555240) and mouse IL-12 (BD biosciences, 555165), RANTES (Invitrogen), MCP-1 (Invitrogen) were used for analysis according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
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7

Intestinal Inflammation and Barrier Assay

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The haematoxylin (#MHS16) and eosin solution (#HT110116), Masson trichrome (#HT15) and Oil Red O (#3125‐12) staining kit were purchased from Sigma chemicals (Sigma). Anti‐FABP2 (#ab126744), anti‐moma‐2 (#ab33451) and anti‐α‐sma (#ab7817) antibodies were purchased from Abcam. Anti‐ZO‐1 (#13663), anti‐occludin (#91131) and anti‐Tubulin (#2146) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling. ELISA kits for measuring intestinal TNF‐α (#88‐7324‐22), IL‐1β (#88‐7013‐22) and MCP‐1 (#88‐7391‐22) levels were purchased from Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher). Biochemical kit for detecting endotoxin level and DX‐4000‐FITC reagent (#46944) were purchased from Sigma chemicals (Sigma, St. Louis). The lentivirus encoding villin‐drived Fabp2 siRNA (#SASI_Mm01_00024824) was purchased from Sigma chemicals (Sigma).
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8

Integrin alpha-D Characterization Protocol

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Reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States) and Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, United States). Rock inhibitor (Y27632) and aprotinin were from Sigma-Aldrich. Recombinant human and mouse IFNγ, IL-4, MCP-1, and FMLP were purchased from Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, CA, United States). Anti-human αD mAb (clone 240I) was generously provided by Eli Lilly Corporation (Indianapolis, IN, United States). Polyclonal antibody against the αD I-domain was described previously (10 (link)). The antibody recognizes both human and mouse αD I-domains and has no cross-reactivity with recombinant human and mouse αM, αX, and αL I-domains. The antibody was isolated from rabbit serum by affinity chromatography using αDI-domain-Sepharose. Mouse PE-cy7 and APC- conjugated anti-αM mAb (clone M1/70) and F4/80 mAbs were from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, United States). The mAb 44a directed against the human αM integrin subunit was purified from the conditioned media of the hybridoma cell line obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States) using protein A agarose (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, United States).
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9

BMDM Migration Assay Using Transwell

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BMDM migration was investigated in transwell cell culture chambers with polycarbonate membranes (8-μm pore size, Corning Costar, Corning, NY, USA). Cells were added to the upper chamber, and either vehicle or different concentrations of I3A or TA was added to both the upper and the lower chambers. After 4 hr, 20 ng/mL MCP-1 (Invitrogen) was added to the bottom chamber. After 24 hr, cells remaining on the upper side of the membrane were scraped off with a cotton swab. The migrated cells in the bottom chamber were fixed with methanol for 15 min, stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 30 min, and counted under a microscope (Axiovert 200M, Zeiss). Three replicate wells were analyzed in each experiment, with cells counted in 15 randomly chosen fields of view per well.
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10

Cytokine Quantification via ELISA

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Media were centrifuged at 500 x g for 5 min at 4ºC and diluted so that absorbance results were in the range of the standard curve. Specific protocols for each cytokine came from the Invitrogen kits: IL1-β (88-7013-88), IL-6 (88-7064-88), and MCP-1 (Ccl2, 88-7391-88).
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