Aunps

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

AuNPs are spherical gold nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 5 to 100 nanometers. They are synthesized using a chemical reduction process. AuNPs exhibit unique optical, electronic, and catalytic properties due to their small size and high surface-to-volume ratio.

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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (6 citations)

43 protocols using aunps

Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles with Antibodies

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AuNPs were purchased from Nanotech Company (6th October City, Egypt) and scanned by transmission electron microscope. AuNPs functionalized with mercaptoundecanoic acid (AuNPs-MUA) by adding 30 mL of the prepared AuNPs to 45 µL of 1 mMmercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) in ethanol solution (Sigma Aldrich, Germany). The solution was mixed and left overnight at 4°C. The concentration was determined the next day by UV/vis spectrophotometry using Beer’s law.26 (link)
The 3rd fraction of polyclonal antibodies was conjugated with nanogold particles (AuNPs-MUA). Two mg of anti-Toxoplasma pAb was added to 5 mL of AuNPs-MUA (2 nM; pH = 7.4). To obtain more robust AuNPs-pAb conjugates, the covalent linkage between pAb and AuNPs-MUA was done through the use of N-hydroxy succinimide/1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide (NHS/EDC) cross-linkers (NHS: Fluka, Germany). Five mL of a mixture of 5 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 7), 1.2 mM NHS, and 2.8 mM EDC was added to 5 mL of AuNPs-pAb conjugates. The mixture was mixed and left to incubate overnight at 4°C.27 (link),28 (link)

Aly N.S., Kim H.S., Marei Y.M., Elhamshary A.S., Bayoumi I.R., Omar R.E., Mohammed D.A., Miyoshi S.I, & Rashed G.A. (2023). Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis Using Surface Antigen Grade 1 Detection by ELISA, Nano-Gold ELISA, and PCR in Pregnant Women. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 18, 1335-1345.

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Photodynamic Therapy using AlPcS4Cl-AuNP Conjugate

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The excitation wavelength of the PS was determined via spectroscopic investigation of 35 M of AlPcS₄Cl (supplied by Frontier Scientific, Logan, UT, USA, product number: AlPcS-834). To create a standard curve, 3000 ppm AuNPs was aliquoted into single values of 10–50 ppm AuNPs (supplied by Merck, Johannesburg, South Africa, serial number 765465). For the PS and NP, UV–Vis absorbance was measured in the 400–800 nm spectral range on the Jenway Genova Nano Spectrophotometer 737503. A spectrophotometric analysis of AlPcS₄Cl-AuNP-conjugated molecules was also performed. The concentration of AuNPs loaded onto AlPcS₄Cl after conjugation was calculated using the standard curves, and a ratio for the PS to NP loading capacity was established. The conjugate stock solutions were prepared and stored at 4 °C, and protected from light.
A low-intensity diode laser (Oriel Corporation, USA, LREBT00-ROITHI, procured from CSIR, National Laser Centre, Pretoria, South Africa) emitting at a wavelength of 673 nm and with a radiant exposure 5 J/cm². Cells and controls were incubated for 4 h with AlPcS₄Cl, AuNPs, or the AlPcS₄Cl-AuNP conjugate as indicated in Table 1 and with PDT parameters as in Table 2. Post-irradiation signs of cell death were determined after 24 h of incubation.

Mkhobongo B., Chandran R, & Abrahamse H. (2022). In Vitro Photodynamic Treatment Modality for A375 Melanoma Cell Line Using a Sulphonated Aluminum Phthalocyanine Chloride-Photosensitizer-Gold Nanoparticle Conjugate. Pharmaceutics, 14(11), 2474.

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Chitosan-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles

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All chemicals, including chitosan medium molecular weight (85% deacetylation), were purchased from Laborspirit (Loures, Portugal) unless stated otherwise.
Ethanol (70%) was purchased from AGA- Álcool e Géneros Alimentares S.A. (Loures, Portugal).
Au NPs (20 nm diameter, OD 1, stabilized suspension in 0.1 mM PBS, reactant free) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Meira D.I., Proença M., Rebelo R., Barbosa A.I., Rodrigues M.S., Borges J., Vaz F., Reis R.L, & Correlo V.M. (2022). Chitosan Micro-Membranes with Integrated Gold Nanoparticles as an LSPR-Based Sensing Platform. Biosensors, 12(11), 951.

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Synthesis and Characterization of GelMA Scaffolds

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GelMA was synthesized as described elsewhere [22 (link)]. 10% (w/v) gelatin type A porcine skin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at 60 °C and after complete dissolution, 800 µL methacrylic anhydride (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland) per gram of gelatin was added under constant stirring. After the reaction, the mixture was dialyzed against distilled water using 12–14 kDa cut-off dialysis tubing (Spectra/Por 1 Dialysis Membranes, Spectrum Labs, Rancho Dominguez, CA, USA) to remove the residual salts and methacrylic anhydride, and the solution was lyophilized at −80 °C.
The pre-polymer solution of GelMA was prepared at a 5% concentration of GelMA and 0.05% of the photoinitiator 2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland) in PBS at 37 °C.
To enhance the CT contrast of GelMA-based scaffolds, AuNPs (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) stabilized by citrate in 0.1 mM PBS, with different sizes and concentrations, were added to the GelMA pre-polymer solution. Specifically, different concentrations of AuNPs were calculated as 0.08 mM, 0.16 mM, and 0.40 mM. These same concentrations were used for two AuNP sizes, i.e., 40 nm and 60 nm.

Celikkin N., Mastrogiacomo S., Walboomers X.F, & Swieszkowski W. (2019). Enhancing X-ray Attenuation of 3D Printed Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Hydrogels Utilizing Gold Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers, 11(2), 367.

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Fabrication and Manipulation of Plasmonic Nanostructures

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CTAC was purchased from Chem-Impex. SDS (20%) solution was purchased from Fisher Bioreagents. In all, 40 nm, 80 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm AuNPs and TiO₂ nanoparticles (anatase phase) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. In all, 80 nm AuNPs and 110 nm AgNPs were purchased from nanoComposix. In all, 1 and 1.5 μm AuNPs were purchased from Nanopartz. 500 nm polystyrene colloids were bought from Bangs Laboratories. SiNPs were prepared using previously reported synthesis protocols^{47 (link)}. AuNWs were synthesized using the reported method^{48 (link)}. 0.5 M CTAC solution in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was spin coated on to a glass substrate to form a thin layer of CTAC solid film after IPA evaporation. Nanoparticles and nanowires diluted in ethanol were spin coated on CTAC film for manipulation experiments. The SDS layer was obtained by directly spin coating the purchased SDS solution onto the glass and let it dry at room temperature. The thermoplasmonic substrate was fabricated by a two-step process. First, a 4.5 nm Au film was deposited on a glass substrate with thermal deposition (Denton thermal evaporator) at a base pressure below 1 × 10⁻⁵ Torr. Then, the Au film was thermally annealed at 550 °C for 2 h.

Li J., Liu Y., Lin L., Wang M., Jiang T., Guo J., Ding H., Kollipara P.S., Inoue Y., Fan D., Korgel B.A, & Zheng Y. (2019). Optical nanomanipulation on solid substrates via optothermally-gated photon nudging. Nature Communications, 10, 5672.

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Thiamine Buffered Solutions for Analytical Assays

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Thiamine, AuNPs, nGr, PIX, PIXCoCl, monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, vitamin B12, ascorbic acid, maltodextrin, fructose, glucose, ammonium chloride, iron (II) sulphate hydrate, and sodium acetate were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Fluka supplied the paraffin oil (d420, 0.86 g cm⁻¹) (Buchs, Sweden). Phosphate buffer solution (PBS, 0.1 mol L⁻¹) was made by combining monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate in a solution-making process. To achieve the desired range of pH values (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0), the pH of the buffer solution was modified by adding varying amounts of solutions with a concentration of 0.1 mol L⁻¹ of either NaOH or HCl.
For the preparation of Thiamine solutions, PBS (pH 2.0) was utilized. The stock solution (10⁻² mol L⁻¹) was prepared only with PBS (pH 2.0) and had a concentration of 10⁻² mol L⁻¹. The remaining solutions (10⁻³ mol L⁻¹ −10⁻¹² mol L⁻¹) were prepared using PBS and 0.1 mol L⁻¹ NaNO₃ as supporting electrolytes. When not in use, all solutions were stored in a dark, dry place, at room temperature.

Gheorghe D.C., van Staden J.(., Stefan-van Staden R.I, & Sfirloaga P. (2022). Gold Nanoparticles/Nanographene-Based 3D Sensors Integrated in Mini-Platforms for Thiamine Detection. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 23(1), 344.

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Assessing AuNPs Impact on Steroidogenesis

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AuNPs (5 nm, OD = 1, Lot# MKBQ0180V, without modified functional groups on the surface) stabilized in 0.1 mM PBS, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The concentration of AuNPs suspension was ~5.5 E+13 particles/mL. AuNPs were directly diluted to the final concentrations with PBS before use. TM3 cells were purchased from Shanghai Cell Bank, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). Testosterone ELISA kit was purchased from USCN (Wuhan, China). Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) was obtained from the second affiliated West China hospital, Sichuan University. Rabbit anti-StAR antibody was purchased from CST (Danvers, MA, USA) and Rabbit anti-Cytochrome P450 17A1 (17α-hydroxylase) antibody was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). All other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Liu Y., Li X., Xiao S., Liu X., Chen X., Xia Q., Lei S., Li H., Zhong Z, & Xiao K. (2020). The Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on Leydig Cells and Male Reproductive Function in Mice. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15, 9499-9514.

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AuNP-DNA Conjugation for Nanocapsule Encapsulation

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The steps of AuNP-DNA conjugation were all carried out at 40 °C
with constant shaking, if not stated otherwise. First, 20 μL
of AuNPs of 5 nm diameter (Sigma-Aldrich) was incubated with 0.4 μL
1% SDS water solution for 20 min. Then 2 μL of thiolated oligos
(100 μM, Integrated DNA Technologies) was added and incubated
for 30 min. In the salting process, first 0.2 μL of 2.5 M NaCl
was added at 2 min interval for 6 times, followed by additions of
0.4 μL and 0.8 μL of NaCl for 6 times each at the same
interval. After the salting, the AuNP-DNA conjugates were mixed with
30 μL of folding buffer (with 0.02% SDS) and incubated for 1
h. Finally, the conjugates were purified from the free oligos by spin-filtration
through a 100 kDa MWCO Amicon filter at RT and 14000 rcf for 10 min
and repeated for 4 times. In each filtration step, 480 μL of
folding buffer at either pH 6 or pH 8 was added in order to match
the nanocapsule sample pH. For the AuNP encapsulation, the AuNP-DNA
and nanocapsule with complementary cargo strands were mixed in a 10:1
AuNP:origami ratio and thermally annealed from 40 to 20 °C (−0.1
°C/min).

Ijäs H., Hakaste I., Shen B., Kostiainen M.A, & Linko V. (2019). Reconfigurable DNA Origami Nanocapsule for pH-Controlled Encapsulation and Display of Cargo. ACS Nano, 13(5), 5959-5967.

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Structural Characterization of MXene Nanosheets

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Synthesized
MXene nanosheets were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD)
and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD patterns were obtained
using a PANalytical Empyrean XRD system, which employs copper K-α
radiation and a scan step of 0.1° with 0.5 s per step. TEM was
performed on a Titan TEM system using an acceleration voltage of 300
kV. TEM samples of Ti₃C₂T_x were prepared by placing two drops of a diluted Ti₃C₂T_x solution on a
lacey carbon-coated copper grid (Agar Scientific Ltd.). Selected area
electron diffraction (SAED) patterns were also acquired to determine
the crystal structure of the samples. AuNPs with a 50 nm diameter
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich were imaged using TEM.

Boularaoui S., Shanti A., Lanotte M., Luo S., Bawazir S., Lee S., Christoforou N., Khan K.A, & Stefanini C. (2021). Nanocomposite Conductive Bioinks Based on Low-Concentration GelMA and MXene Nanosheets/Gold Nanoparticles Providing Enhanced Printability of Functional Skeletal Muscle Tissues. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 7(12), 5810-5822.

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Synthesis of Conductive PGS-PVA Microfibers

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PGS pre-polymers (pPGS), sebacic acid powder (Sigma Aldrich, Seoul, Korea), and glycerol (>99.5%, Sigma Aldrich, Seoul, Korea) were prepared according to the previously published method [58 (link)]. A 1:1.5 molar mixture of sebacic acid and glycerol was placed in a three-neck round bottom flask. The monomers were heated at 120 °C in a nitrogen environment for 24 h. The synthesized solution was filtered using cold acetone (Sigma Aldrich, Seoul, Korea) to remove the loosely cross-linked monomers and the filtrate was used for experiments. The filtrate was reheated and a few drops of N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) solvent (Sigma Aldrich, Seoul, Korea) were added to make a homogeneous solution. The PVA solution was prepared by dissolving 1.5 g of PVA powder (Mw~27,000, Sigma Aldrich) in 10 mL of distilled water at 90 °C under continuous stirring for 4 h. Both solutions were blended at various loading ratios of PGS and PVA (2:1.5, 2:1, 2:2 (v/v)) at 50 °C for 30 min. The solution was processed for wet spinning, in which the coagulation bath contained acetone (Sigma Aldrich, Seoul, Korea) and water with an acetone concentration of 70% (v/v). The AuNPs (20 nm in diameter, Sigma Aldrich, Seoul, Korea) were incorporated in a composite conductive microfiber solution.

Hanif A., Ghosh G., Meeseepong M., Haq Chouhdry H., Bag A., Chinnamani M.V., Kumar S., Sultan M.J., Yadav A, & Lee N.E. (2021). A Composite Microfiber for Biodegradable Stretchable Electronics. Micromachines, 12(9), 1036.

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