Electroencephalogram (EEG) data were measured using Ag/AgCl electrodes (Nihon Kohden) at five sites according to the 10‐20 system of electrode placement. The electrodes were attached to an elastic electrode cap that was fastened with a chin strap. Horizontal electro‐oculograms (EOGs) were recorded from electrodes placed at the outer canthus of each eye, and vertical EOGs were recorded from electrodes positioned above and below the left eye. Electrodes on bilateral ears were used as a common reference. The electrodes were attached after lightly cleaning the skin to maintain an impedance level below 10 kΩ. The EEG data were recorded by a biological amplifier (Polymate II AP216; TEAC Corp., Japan) with VitalTracer software (KISSEI COMTEC Co., Ltd., Japan). The data were preprocessed by a band‐pass filter of 0.16‐100 Hz and digitized at a sampling rate of 500Hz. Filters were set at a low cutoff of 0.53 Hz and a high cutoff of 30 Hz. The recordings were notch‐filtered offline at 60 Hz.
Ag agcl electrodes
Manufactured by Nihon Kohden
Ag/AgCl electrodes are a type of electrochemical electrodes used for various scientific and medical applications. They consist of a silver (Ag) metal core with a silver chloride (AgCl) coating. These electrodes are designed to establish a stable and reproducible electrical potential, making them suitable for use in a wide range of laboratory and clinical settings.
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4 protocols using ag agcl electrodes
1
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Data Acquisition Protocol
2
Intracranial EEG Recording for Cortical Activity
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To examine cortical activity, intracranial EEGs were recorded using subdural platinum electrodes (2.3 mm diameter; Ad-tech). Depth platinum electrodes (0.8 mm diameter; Unique Medical) were also inserted to record subcortical activity (data not shown). Electrodes were referenced to electrodes (2.3 mm diameter; Ad-tech) that were embedded inside the scalp of the midline dorsal frontal region. Impedances were balanced and maintained below 5 kΩ. Data were amplified, filtered online (band pass: 0.5–300 Hz), and sampled at 1,000 Hz onto the hard disk drive of the EEG system (EEG-1100; Nihon Kohden). Online monitoring was conducted using a more restricted bandwidth of 0.5–120 Hz. Vertical and horizontal electrooculograms (EOGs) were simultaneously recorded using Ag/AgCl electrodes (Nihon Kohden). As in previous studies54 (link), off-line visual inspection confirmed that the EOGs did not contaminate the intracranial EEGs. An unobtrusive video recording of events was made using the EEG system built-in video camera, and off-line analysis of the videos confirmed that all participants were fully engaged in the tasks.
3
Facial EMG and EDA Measurement Protocol
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A BioSemi Active‐Two amplifier system was used for the continuous recording of EMG and EDA signals; the latter signal was measured using an AC (16 Hz) constant current source with 1 µA amplitude. All signals were sampled at a frequency of 2048 Hz. Prior to electrode application, participants cleaned their hands using pH‐neutral hand wash. The EMG electrode positions were cleaned using alcohol pads (70%). Highly conductive saline electrode gel was used on the electrodes (SignaGel, Parker Laboratories, Fairfield, NJ). For the EDA recording, two flat Nihon Kohden Ag/AgCl electrodes (contact area diameter: 8 mm) were placed at the distal phalanges of the index and the middle fingers of the nondominant hand. For the EMG recording, pairs of Ag/AgCl electrodes (contact area diameter: 4 mm) were placed approximately 12 mm apart (center to center) over the two facial muscle regions of interest (left cheek and left eyebrow; cf. Fridlund & Cacioppo, 1986 ), that is, over the zygomaticus major (cheek) and corrugator supercilii (eyebrow).
4
Intracranial EEG Recordings of Cortical and Subcortical Activity
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To examine cortical activity, intracranial EEG data were recorded using subdural platinum electrodes (2.3 mm diameter; Ad-tech). Depth platinum electrodes (0.8 mm diameter; Unique Medical) were also inserted to record subcortical activity (data not shown). Electrodes were referenced to electrodes (2.3 mm diameter; Ad-tech) that were embedded inside the scalp of the midline dorsal frontal region. Impedances were balanced and maintained below 5 kΩ. Data were amplified, filtered online (band pass: 0.5–300 Hz), and sampled at 1,000 Hz onto the hard disk drive of the EEG system (EEG-1100; Nihon Kohden). Online monitoring was conducted using a more restricted bandwidth of 0.5–120 Hz. Vertical and horizontal electrooculograms (EOGs) were simultaneously recorded using Ag/AgCl electrodes (Nihon Kohden). As in previous studies [46 (link)], off-line visual inspection confirmed that no contamination of the intracranial EEG data by EOGs occurred. Unobtrusive video recording of events was performed using the built-in video camera of the EEG system and an off-line analysis of the videos confirmed that all participants were fully engaged in the tasks.
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