1 1 dioctadecyl 3 3 3 3 tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate dil

To investigate the subcellular distribution of PSNPs, RAW 264.7 cells (1 × 10⁵ cells/mL) or J774A.1 cells (1 × 10⁵ cells/mL) were incubated with 50 µg/mL fPSNPs or Neil-red PSNPs for 4 h, followed by co-incubation with fluorescent dyes, such as MitoBright LT Red (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Japan), LysoTracker Red, ER-Tracker Red, and 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) (Beyotime, China) for 20 min. After washing with PBS, the cells were then stained with 2-(4-amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride (DAPI) solution (Beyotime) at room temperature for 10 min and subjected to confocal microscopy to measure the fluorescence intensities. Moreover, the localization and mitochondria ultrastructure change of PS in RAW264.7 cells and J774A.1 cells were evaluated by TEM (JEOL 1011, Japan).

Peptides AAN-PTP-7 (AANFLGALFKALL) with purity ≥97% were purchased from ChinaPeptides Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (Mn = 5000 g/mol, mPEG₅₀₀₀-OH) was purchased from Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP), N-maleoyl-β-alanine 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine (DMAP), and PTX were all obtained from Energy Chemical (Shanghai, China). Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was purchased from Titan (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) (high glucose) cell culture medium, RPMI 1640 medium, penicillin/streptomycin stock solutions (PS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and trypsin were all purchased from Gibco BRL (Gaithersburg, MD). 1,1′-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Hoechst 33342 and 4% paraformaldehyde were supplied by Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Taxol injection was available from Yangtze River Pharmaceutical (Group) Co., Ltd. (Taizhou, China).

Zein, cholic acid, and rhamnolipids R90 (90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Liraglutide was from GL Biochem (Shanghai). Mucin (from porcine stomach) was from meilun bio (Shanghai, China). Sulfo-cyanine 5 NHS ester (Cy5, analytical grade) was from Lumiprobe (Maryland, USA). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Anthrone was from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Chlorpromazine, genistein, amiloride, and 1, 1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) were from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). All cell culture reagents and materials were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Shanghai, China). All other reagents were from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). Total bile acid (TBA) kits were from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.

Oxaliplatin (OXA), Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ sulfate) and EDTA were purchased from Medchemexpress. Indocyanine Green-NHS ester (NHS-ICG) was purchased from Ruixi Biological Technology. 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) and Crystal Violet Staining Solution was obtained from Beyotime. Glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde were purchased from Macklin. Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail was bought from Thermo Fisher.