The volatile fatty acids content was analyzed on a HP 6850 Series GC system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) using the sample preparation described by Mulat et al. [34 (link)]. Sulfate concentrations in the manure (prediluted 50–2000 times) were analyzed with a Sulfate Test Kit 1.01812.0001 (Merck) on a Spectroquant NOVA 60 (Merck). Total ammonia nitrogen was measured with a Spectroquant NOVA 60 (Merck) using an ammonium test kit 1.00683 (Merck) or measured by the standard Nessler method using a DR 3900 benchtop spectrometer (Hach-Lange, Loveland, CO, USA) [35 (link)]. Total solids and volatile solids content were analyzed gravimetrically by the standard method [36 ] by heating 20 g manure at 105°C for 24 h and subsequently burning it at 550 for 6 h in a furnace oven (Nabertherm).
Spectroquant nova 60
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States
The Spectroquant NOVA 60 is a laboratory instrument manufactured by Merck Group. It is designed for photometric analysis and measurement of various samples. The core function of the Spectroquant NOVA 60 is to provide accurate and reliable spectrophotometric data for analytical applications in research and industrial settings.
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Lab products found in correlation
15 protocols using spectroquant nova 60
1
Manure Chemical Composition Analysis
2
Wastewater Contaminant Removal Analysis
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The analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) was conducted using standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (APHA, 2005). Dissolved oxygen concentration in the activated sludge during experiments was monitored using a DO meter (Vernier, USA). Water samples of wastewater influent, supernatant and diluted draw solution were regularly collected for measurement of some main contaminants and nutrients for contaminant removal analysis.
TOC concentration measurement was conducted using a TOC analyzer Analytikjena Multi N/C 2000. NH4 + , total nitrogen (TN) and PO4 3-concentrations were measured using corresponding test kits and photometer (Spectroquant, NOVA 60, Merck). Water samples were pretreated and diluted several times if necessary to ensure the correct range of analytes and minimize the interference of chloride.
TOC concentration measurement was conducted using a TOC analyzer Analytikjena Multi N/C 2000. NH4 + , total nitrogen (TN) and PO4 3-concentrations were measured using corresponding test kits and photometer (Spectroquant, NOVA 60, Merck). Water samples were pretreated and diluted several times if necessary to ensure the correct range of analytes and minimize the interference of chloride.
3
Quantification of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds
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Residual NH 4 -N, CN À , NO 2 -N and NO 3 -N concentration was measured as per manufacturers' instruction using Merck ammonium (NH 4 þ ) (00683), cyanide (CN À ) (09701), nitrite (NO 2 À ) (110057) and nitrate (14773) testkits. A Merck Spectroquant Nova 60 instrument was used to quantify the concentration of the analytes. The cyanide testkit functions on the basis that cyanide reacts with chloramines-T and pyridine-barbituric acid (Lambert et al. ) .
The ammonium testkit is based on the fact that the Berthelot reagent reacts with ammonium, chlorine and phenolic compounds, to form indophenol dyes (Patton & Crouch ).
The nitrate testkit uses concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of a benzoic acid derivative to form a colorimetrically quantifiable by-product, while the nitrite testkit is based on the concept that nitrite ions react with sulfanilic acid in order to form diazonium salt (Hassan et al. ) .
The COD, which functions on the basis that the inorganic substances in the sample are oxidised by potassium dichromate in 50% sulfuric acid solution at a suitable temperature, was also quantified using Merck testkits (14555).
The microbial growth rate in the cultures was determined using a UV-visible spectrophotometer at 660 nm.
The ammonium testkit is based on the fact that the Berthelot reagent reacts with ammonium, chlorine and phenolic compounds, to form indophenol dyes (Patton & Crouch ).
The nitrate testkit uses concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of a benzoic acid derivative to form a colorimetrically quantifiable by-product, while the nitrite testkit is based on the concept that nitrite ions react with sulfanilic acid in order to form diazonium salt (Hassan et al. ) .
The COD, which functions on the basis that the inorganic substances in the sample are oxidised by potassium dichromate in 50% sulfuric acid solution at a suitable temperature, was also quantified using Merck testkits (14555).
The microbial growth rate in the cultures was determined using a UV-visible spectrophotometer at 660 nm.
4
Quantification of Inorganic Ions and Bacterial Growth
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Merck cyanide (CN−) (09701), ammonium (NH4+) (00683), nitrate (14773) and sulphate (00617) test kits were used to quantify the concentration of free cyanide, ammonium, nitrate and sulphates using the Merck Spectroquant Nova 60 instrument. The principle behind the mechanism of detection by abovementioned test kits has already been elucidated elsewhere (Mekuto et al. 2016 ). Nitrites were determined according to Rider and Mellon (1946 (link)) while thiocyanate was detected using the ferric method (Katayama et al. 1992 (link)). The bacterial growth by pure cultures of the isolates was quantified using a Jenway 6715 UV/visible spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 600 nm.
5
Evaluating COD Removal Efficiency
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The reactor digestion method was used. Samples were homogenized and 2 mL of each sample was added to individual 5–500 mg/L range CODCr test vials, and then they were incubated in a COD reactor (45600, HACH, Colorado, USA) at 150 °C to digest the samples. After 2 h, the CODCr test vials with samples were taken out and allowed to cool to room temperature, and the COD readings were taken in mg/L using a photometer (Spectroquant NOVA 60, Merck, Darmstadt Germany) at 445 nm.
The removal efficiency of turbidity and COD was calculated using Eq.(3) . here, is the initial turbidity and COD concentration prior to the start of the experiment. is the final turbidity and COD concentration after chemical treatment.
The removal efficiency of turbidity and COD was calculated using Eq.
6
Determination of Nitrate Concentration
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The concentration of NO was determined with the use of a nitrate test, in which the nitrates react with a benzoic acid derivative in concentrated sulfuric acid to form a red nitro compound that is determined photometrically (Spectroquant NOVA 60, Merck, New York, NY, USA) [16 (link)]. Samples were prepared by centrifugation at 7711× g for 10 min, and the supernatant was analysed.
7
Eutrophication Levels Mimicking Kruger National Park
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To set up eutrophication levels that mimicked those in water bodies in and around Kruger National Park, inorganic phosphorus was measured in 36 locations between 18th March and 7th May 2017 (Fig. 1 d). The median levels of inorganic phosphorus in eutrophic natural water bodies was 1.025 mg l−1, as determined using a photospectrometer (Spectroquant Nova 60; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) using a phosphate cell test for 0.05–5.0 mg l−1 PO42−. To mimic these levels, we used a slurry of tap water and impala faeces (Aepyceros melampus Petersi). A calibration curve was constructed to calculate the amount of faeces needed to mimic the median concentration in natural situations (Additional file 1 : Figure S2). The eutrophication treatment mesocosms were spiked with the impala faeces-based slurry one day prior to the addition of mosquito larvae (t = 0 days). To determine effectiveness of the treatments, phosphate (PO4) and nitrate (NO3) concentrations were measured in the mesocosms (t = 12 days) using a similar procedure as described above. In mesocosms not receiving the eutrophication treatment, the so-called oligotrophic treatment, no food was added to mimic rainwater fed breeding containers with realistic nutrient availability [12 (link)].
8
Chloramination Monitoring in Distribution System
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On an average, water samples were collected three times per month from the PDS at inflow, 300 m, 600 m and 900 m (outflow) sampling points of the DS. Free and total chlorine concentrations (mg/L) were measured immediately after sample collection using a DR 2800™ Spectrophotometer (HACH, Australia), at the TBWTP. Monochloramine concentration was calculated as the difference between total and free chlorine concentrations. Water sample analyses using the DPD-Ferrous Titrimetric method Standard Method no. 4500-Cl F [6 ] showed 91% (S.D. 7.6%, n = 12, chloramine range 1.5 to 4.6 mg/L) of total chloramine was monochloramine and these values were similar to those measured by using DR 2800™ Spectrophotometer (HACH, Australia). The pH values were immediately determined using a portable pH meter (WP-91, TPS Instruments), and water temperatures were recorded using digital temperature thermometer (TR-10- Elitech) at TBWTP. Average monthly pH levels for the PDS during the study period have been previously reported [7 ] while average monthly water temperatures are presented in Fig. 4 . Nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured using Spectroquant NOVA 60 (MERCK, Australia) and cell test nos. 109713 and 114547 respectively for waters collected from DS1.Fig. 4 ![]()
Average NH2Cl decay as the water passes through the entire DS1 (a) and DS2 (b).
9
Comprehensive Analysis of OMBR Liquor
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All characteristic parameters of mixed liquor in the OMBR system such as mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed following standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (APHA, 2005). A dissolved oxygen (DO) meter (Vernier, USA) was used for monitoring the DO concentration in the mixed liquor during experiments. TOC concentrations of the water samples collected from influent, effluent and diluted draw solution were determined using the Analytikjena Multi N/C 2000. NH4 + -N concentration was measured using Ammonium Test and photometer (Spectroquant, NOVA 60, Merck) supplied by Merck. In order to attain accurate analytical values, water samples from diluted draw solution were diluted several times to minimize the interference of chloride and ensure the proper range of analytes.
10
Evaluating Dye Decolorization Efficiency
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Aliquots of 2 ml were collected separately from three replicates of each treatment (C1, C2, T1, and T1*) containing RB5 at ve days intervals. The samples were centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 12 min at 4°C to eliminate any suspended biomass. The color removal was evaluated by determining its concentration in the supernatant with Spectroquant® NOVA 60 (Merck Germany) (Tara et al. 2019) . The color removal (%) was evaluated by using the following expression.
Decolorization e ciency (%) = (OD0 -OD1)/OD0 ×100
Where OD0 referred to the initial absorbance at day 0 and OD1 referred to the absorbance after 5, 10, and 15 days. The treatment showing maximum color removal was chosen for the identi cation of biodegraded products of RB5.
Decolorization e ciency (%) = (OD0 -OD1)/OD0 ×100
Where OD0 referred to the initial absorbance at day 0 and OD1 referred to the absorbance after 5, 10, and 15 days. The treatment showing maximum color removal was chosen for the identi cation of biodegraded products of RB5.
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