Foetal bovine serum (fbs)

The DFTD cell line C5065 (strain 3) was used for all experiments and was provided by A-M. Pearse and K. Swift of the DPIPWE. The cell line was maintained in RPMI 1640 culture medium (Life Technologies), supplemented with 10% heat inactivated foetal bovine serum (Bovogen), 1% GlutaMAX™ (Life technologies) and 1% Antibiotic-Antimycotic (Life Technologies) in a 35 °C humidified 5% CO2 incubator. When required, the cells were gently flushed from their culture surface using culture medium and pelleted by centrifugation at 500 g for 5 min. Cell viability counts were performed on an improved Neubauer chamber.

Cell culture plates for adherent cells were purchased from Nunc^TM (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The human breast tumour cell lines MDA-MB 231 (ER−) and MCF-7 (ER+), and human prostate tumour cell lines PC-3 (AR−/PSA−) and LnCap (AR+) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). The cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (#11875-093, Gibco, ThermoFisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (#SFBS, Bovogen, Victoria, Australia) and 100 U/mL PenStrep (#15070063, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). All cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humid incubator with 5% CO₂.

The mouse Lewis lung (LL2) tumour cell line was purchased from CellBank, Australia (Cat. No. 90020104). We employed two human NSCLC cell lines, A549 pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Cat. No. CCL‐185, ATCC), and H460 large cell lung carcinoma, which was a gift from Associate Professor Carleen Cullinane (Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Australia). The human cell lines were authenticated by short tandem repeat testing using AmpFISTR Identifier Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) by SA Pathology (Adelaide, South Australia). Cells were cultured in RPMI‐1640 (Sigma‐Aldrich) with 5% foetal bovine serum (Bovogen Biologicals) at 37°C with 5% CO₂. Cells were checked for mycoplasma contamination using MycoAlert Mycoplasma Detection Kit (Cat. No. LT07‐318, Lonza) and were mycoplasma negative.

Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK CCL-34) cells (ATCC, USA) were cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, high glucose pyruvate; Gibco, USA). The DMEM was supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (Bovogen Biologicals, Australia), 1x GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA), 1x MEM non-essential amino acid solution (Gibco, USA), 0.05% sodium bicarbonate (Gibco, USA), 20 μM HEPES (Gibco) and 100 U/mL penicillin-streptomycin solution (Gibco, USA). DMEM media was used for virus dilution, containing the above constituents excluding only serum, hereafter known as maintenance media. Maintenance media was also used for virus infection protocols, although media was supplemented with 8 µg/mL TPCK-treated trypsin (SAFC Biosciences, USA), hereafter known as infection media.

HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were maintained in McCoy's 5A Medium (modified) (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 10% foetal bovine serum (Bovogen Biologicals, Essendon, VIC, Australia). LIM1215 colorectal carcinoma cells (ECACC, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK) were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum. Cells were grown at 37°C and 5% CO₂, maintained at <80% confluence, and were mycoplasma free.

Vascular smooth muscle cells were isolated from mesenteric arteries in 6‐week‐old male rats, as previously mentioned.28 Briefly, mesenteric arteries were stripped off adipose and connective tissues in pre‐cooling phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). First order of mesenteric arteries were opened longitudinally and cut into pieces in a culture dish. Pieces attached to the dish were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with high glucose (Thermo), including 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Thermo) and 10% foetal bovine serum (Bovogen) in the humidified incubator at 37°C with 95% air and 5% CO₂. The cells would grow out successively from the original mesenteric arteries pieces after approximately three days. All procedures were carried out under sterile conditions in laminar air flow bench. Confirmed as VSMCs using immunofluorescence of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), the cells at third‐fifth passages were used for the experiments.

The cell line B901L derived from lung cancer with EGFR deletion (E746–A750) was purchased from the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (Saitama, Japan). This cell line was maintained in RPMI-1640 (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 10% (v/v) foetal bovine serum (Bovogen Biologicals, Melbourne, Australia), 0.45% D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 mM HEPES buffer (Sigma-Aldrich), and 1 mM Na-pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 37 °C under 5% CO₂.