L threonine

Manufactured by Fujifilm

Sourced in Japan

L-threonine is a naturally occurring amino acid that is an essential component of many proteins. It is a white, crystalline powder with a mild, characteristic odor. L-threonine is commonly used in the pharmaceutical and food industries as a dietary supplement and as a raw material for the production of various compounds.

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Threonine (4 citations)

6 protocols using l threonine

Taste Receptor Activation by Amino Acids

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Agar (purified powder) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). As tastants, D-fructose (CAS: 57-48-7, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan), as well as L-alanine (ALA; CAS: 56-41-7), L-arginine monohydrochloride (ARG; CAS: 1119-34-2), L-asparagine monohydrate (ASN; CAS: 5794-13-8), L-aspartic acid (ASP; CAS: 56-84-8), L-cysteine monohydrochloride hydrate (CYS; CAS: 7048-04-6), L-histidine monohydrochloride (HIS; CAS: 645-35-2), L-isoleucine (ILE; CAS: 73-32-5), L-leucine (LEU; CAS: 61-90-5), L-lysine monohydrochloride (LYS; CAS: 657-27-2), L-glutamine (GLN; CAS: 56-85-9), L-glutamic acid (GLU; CAS: 56-86-0), L-glycine (GLY; CAS: 56-40-6), L-methionine (MET; CAS: 63-68-3), L-phenylalanine (PHE; CAS: 63-91-2), L-proline (PRO; CAS: 147-85-3), L-serine (SER; CAS: 56-45-1), L-threonine (THR; CAS: 72-19-5), L-tryptophan (TRP; CAS: 73-22-3), L-tyrosine (TYR; CAS: 60-18-4) and L-valine (VAL; CAS: 72-18-4) were used at concentrations of 10 mmol l⁻¹ (TYR was used in 0.5 mmol l⁻¹ due to low solubility). Amino acids were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan (TYR, SER, CYS, VAL), Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA (ILE, PRO) or Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan (ALA, ARG, ASN, ASP, LEU, LYS, GLN, GLY, MET, PHE, THR, TRP, TYR).

Kudow N., Miura D., Schleyer M., Toshima N., Gerber B, & Tanimura T. (2017). Preference for and learning of amino acids in larval Drosophila. Biology Open, 6(3), 365-369.

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Synthesis and Analysis of Amino Acids

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L-Kynurenine sulfate salt, KYNA, and L-tyrosine disodium salt hydrate were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). L-Alanine, L-arginine, L-asparagine, L-aspartate, L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate, L-glutamine, L-glutamate, L-glycine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine hydrochloride, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, and L-valine were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Rodent diet (MF) was obtained from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals were of the highest commercially available purity.

Sekine A., Okamoto M., Kanatani Y., Sano M., Shibata K, & Fukuwatari T. (2015). Amino acids inhibit kynurenic acid formation via suppression of kynurenine uptake or kynurenic acid synthesis in rat brain in vitro. SpringerPlus, 4, 48.

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Amino Acid and Metal Complex Preparation

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l-Alanine, l-proline, l-serine, l-threonine, l-aspartic acid, l-glutamic acid, l-methionine, citric acid, [RuCl₂(p-cymene)]₂ (1) and deuterium oxide (D₂O) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). l-Cysteine, l-penicillamine and sodium 3-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propanesulfonate (DSS) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). S-Methyl-l-cysteine was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). l-Valine was obtained from Kanto Chemical Company (Tokyo, Japan). These reagents were used without further purification.

Aizawa S.I., Takizawa K, & Aitani M. (2019). Mechanistic study on substitution reaction of a citrato(p-cymene)Ru(ii) complex with sulfur-containing amino acids. RSC Advances, 9(43), 25177-25183.

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Analytical-Grade Chemical Compounds

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Propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), L-glycine (Gly), L-alanine (Ala), L-serine (Ser), L-threonine (Thr), L-cysteine (Cys), L-methionine (Met), L-valine (Val), L-leucine (Leu), L-isoleucine (Ile), L-phenylalanine (Phe), L-tryptophan (Trp), L-aspartic acid (Asp), L-glutamic acid (Glu), L-asparagine (Asn), L-glutamine (Glu), L-histidine (His), L-asparagine monohydrate (Arg), L-tyrosine (Tyr), and L-ascorbic acid were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako (Osaka, Japan). Acetic acid (AA), L-lysine (Lys), and sodium butyrate were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan), and proline (Pro) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All chemicals were of analytical grade.

Takakuwa A., Nakamura K., Kikuchi M., Sugimoto R., Ohira S., Yokoi Y, & Ayabe T. (2019). Butyric Acid and Leucine Induce α-Defensin Secretion from Small Intestinal Paneth Cells. Nutrients, 11(11), 2817.

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Amino Acid Reagent Preparation

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MEM essential amino acids solution, MEM non-essential amino acids solution, l-cystine, l-arginine, l-histidine, l-Isoleucine, l-leucine, l-lysine, l-methionine, l-phenylalanine, l-threonine, l-tryptophan, l-tyrosine, l-valine, William's Medium E (WME), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), and hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS), were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Proteinase inhibitor cocktail was purchased from Nacalai Tesque, (Kyoto, Japan). Na₂S₄ was purchased from Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc (Kumamoto, Japan). β-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl iodoacetamide (HPE-IAM) was purchased from Molecular Biosciences (CO, USA). All other reagents and chemicals were of the highest grades available.

Akiyama M., Unoki T., Aoki H., Nishimura A., Shinkai Y., Warabi E., Nishiyama K., Furumoto Y., Anzai N., Akaike T., Nishida M, & Kumagai Y. (2022). Cystine-dependent antiporters buffer against excess intracellular reactive sulfur species-induced stress. Redox Biology, 57, 102514.

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Amino Acid Synthesis Protocols

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Chemicals used were: ammonium chloride, L-Arg hydrochloride, L-Ala, ethanol (99.5%), L-Gln, Gly, L-Orn hydrochloride, L-Ser, sodium L-Asp, sodium hydrogen L-Glu, sodium L-lactate (solution), sodium Pyr, Suc, and L-threonine from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan, or Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan; L-Orn L-Asp (L-ornithine L-aspartate salt) from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Tokyo; L-lysine hydrochloride and L-Pro from Sigma-Aldrich Inc., Japan, Osaka, Japan; MCT (78.9% powder) from Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Nagano, Japan. Glutamate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Japan, Osaka, Japan.

Saheki T., Moriyama M., Kuroda E., Funahashi A., Yasuda I., Setogawa Y., Gao Q., Ushikai M., Furuie S., Yamamura K.I., Takano K., Nakamura Y., Eto K., Kadowaki T., Sinasac D.S., Furukawa T., Horiuchi M, & Tai Y.H. (2019). Pivotal role of inter-organ aspartate metabolism for treatment of mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier 2 (citrin) deficiency, based on the mouse model. Scientific Reports, 9, 4179.

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