Tyrosol

Caffeic acid (purity ≥98%), salidroside (purity ≥98%) and acteoside (purity ≥98%) were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Tyrosol (purity ≥98%) and isoacteoside (purity ≥98%) were purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). CoCl₂ was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and guaranteed-grade formic acid were obtained from Merck (Shanghai, China). Other chemicals and reagents (analytical grade) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Regent Co. (Shanghai, China).

In total, 60 female C57BL/6J mice (6 weeks, 18–19 g) were purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The normal diet (ND) was purchased from Xiao Shu Youtai (Beijing, China) Biological Technology Co., Ltd., and the high-fructose diet (HFru) was obtained from Tianjin Aoyide Experimental Products Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China).
Tyrosol (purity ≥98%, S31415) and pioglitazone (purity≥98%, B21435) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Salidroside (purity ≥98%) and hydroxyTyrosol (purity ≥98%) were obtained from Sichuan Victory Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Deuterium oxide (D₂O, 99.9% atom %D) and 3-(trimethylsilyl)-propionic-2,2,3,3-d₄ acid sodium salt (TSP-d₄, 98% atom %D) were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Cambridge, FL, United States). Methanol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States).