Propylene glycol

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, India

Propylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid commonly used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, preservative, and humectant. The core function of propylene glycol is to help maintain moisture content and prevent drying in laboratory samples and solutions.

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Lab products found in correlation

Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions) Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Transcutol p, by Gattefosse (3 mentions) Labrafil m 1944 cs, by Gattefosse (3 mentions) Span 80, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Labrasol, by Gattefosse (3 mentions) Tween 80, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Vanillin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Tween 80, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Macrogolglycerol ricinoleate 35 kolliphor el, by BASF (2 mentions) Aerosil 300, by Evonik (2 mentions) Almond oil, by SD Fine Chemicals (2 mentions) Sunflower oil, by SD Fine Chemicals (2 mentions) Ethanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Labrafac lipophile wl 1349, by Gattefosse (2 mentions) Labrafil m 2125 cs, by Gattefosse (2 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Labrafac wl, by Gattefosse (2 mentions) Transcutol hp, by Gattefosse (2 mentions) Peg400, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Poly(propylene glycol (5 citations)

39 protocols using propylene glycol

Analysis of e-liquid constituents

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The tested refill e-liquids were purchased from Johnsons Creek (Hartland, WI, USA). The e-liquids with the flavor “Tennessee Cured” are propylene glycol based and have nicotine concentrations of 0.0% and 2.4% (24 mg/mL). The ingredients of the liquid are listed on the bottle and are as followed:
USP grade propylene glycol, USP grade vegetable glycerol, deionized water, natural flavors, artificial flavors, USP grade nicotine (not in 0.0%), USP grade citric acid (as a preservative).
propylene glycol and glycerol were obtained from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany), with a purity of 99.5%. For cigarette smoke exposure, K3R4F research cigarettes (University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA) with a standard cellulose acetate filter tip were used.

Scheffler S., Dieken H., Krischenowski O., Förster C., Branscheid D, & Aufderheide M. (2015). Evaluation of E-Cigarette Liquid Vapor and Mainstream Cigarette Smoke after Direct Exposure of Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(4), 3915-3925.

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Oxycodone and Diazepam Dosing Protocol

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Oxycodone dosing solutions were prepared by dissolving 6.75 mg, 60 mg, or 150 mg oxycodone (United States Pharmacopeia, North Bethesda, Maryland) in 2 ml sterile water (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) for PK and combination studies. Diazepam dosing solutions were prepared by dissolving 2 mg, 20 mg, or 200 mg diazepam (United States Pharmacopeia, North Bethesda, Maryland) in 4 ml of a 50:50 solution of PEG400 (J.T. Baker, Allentown, PA) and propylene glycol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts) for PK studies; and 20 mg diazepam in 2 ml of a 50:50 solution of PEG400 and propylene glycol for the combination study. All doses were given as oral solutions using an 18 gauge oral gavage needle with a 1 ml syringe for oxycodone; and an 18 gauge oral gavage needle with a 1 ml (for combination study) or 3 ml (for PK studies) syringe for diazepam. The oral route of administration for opioids and other SPDs was chosen as it is the most common clinical route for these prescribed drugs [20 (link),21 (link)].

Xu L., Chockalingam A., Stewart S., Shea K., Matta M.K., Narayanasamy S., Pilli N.R., Volpe D.A., Weaver J., Zhu H., Davis M.C, & Rouse R. (2020). Developing an animal model to detect drug–drug interactions impacting drug-induced respiratory depression. Toxicology Reports, 7, 188-197.

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Toxicity Assessment of E-Cigarette Flavors

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Refill fluids were purchased at various times from internet vendors, including Freedom Smoke USA (Tucson, Arizona, USA), Global Smoke (Los Angeles, California, USA), Johnson Creek (Johnson Creek, Wisconsin, USA), Red Oak (a subsidiary of Johnson Creek), Tasty Puff (Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA), e-cigexpress (Orlando, Florida, USA), Vaporbomb.com (Barberton, Ohio, USA), Vapormaxx (Richmond, Virginia, USA) and DIY Flavour Shack (Las Vegas, Nevada, USA).^{17 (link)18 (link)} Refill fluids were stored at 4°C in the dark. Only the sample from Tasty Puff (Sinful Cinnamon) and its duplicate were sold as a do-it-yourself (DIY) product. All others, including the product from DIY Flavour Shack, were sold as refill fluids.
Authentic standards were purchased to produce ‘lab-made’ refill fluids. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde was purchased from TCI (Tokyo, Japan), and propylene glycol was from Acros Organics (New Jersey, USA). With exception of the aerosol MTT assays, all toxicity assessment assays were performed at the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) and the inhibitory concentrations at 50% (IC50), which we reported previously for cinnamaldehyde.^{18 (link)} The NOAEL values for the hESC and hPF were 7.6×10⁻⁶ and 3×10⁻⁶ M, respectively, while the IC₅₀ values were 4×10⁻⁵ and 3.7×10⁻⁵ M.

Behar R.Z., Luo W., Lin S.C., Wang Y., Valle J., Pankow J.F, & Talbot P. (2016). Distribution, quantification and toxicity of cinnamaldehyde in electronic cigarette refill fluids and aerosols. Tobacco control, 25(Suppl 2), ii94-ii102.

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Evaluation of E-Cigarette Refill Fluids

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Thirty-nine commercial EC refill fluids and duplicate bottles of six of these products (45 total products) were purchased from online vendors including Freedom Smoke USA (Tucson, AZ), Global Smoke (Los Angeles, CA), Johnson Creek (Johnson Creek, WI), Red Oak (a subsidiary of Johnson Creek), Tasty Puff (Albuquerque, NM), e-cigexpress (Orlando, FL), Vaporbomb.com (Barberton, OH), Vapormaxx (Richmond, VA), and DIY Flavor Shack (Las Vegas, NV). Inventory number, flavor name, and company are given in Supplemental Table 1 and details of each product have been previously published^{4 (link)–6}. Commercial fluids were stored in 4 °C and cytotoxicity did not change with storage⁶.
Authentic standards of chemicals: (1) trans-cinnamaldehyde from TCI (Tokyo, Japan), (2) L-menthone and hydroxyacetone from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA), (3) ethyl maltol, L-menthol, maltol, benzyl alcohol, ethyl cinnamate, eugenol, p-anisaldehyde, triacetin, vanillin, and benzaldehyde from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and (4) propylene glycol from Acros Organics (New Jersey, USA). triacetin is a flavor chemical as well as a solvent. Each authentic standard was dissolved in propylene glycol (80%) and distilled water (<20%) to simulate hand-made refill fluids. A propylene glycol control blank was prepared with 80% propylene glycol and 20% distilled water.

Behar R.Z., Luo W., McWhirter K.J., Pankow J.F, & Talbot P. (2018). Analytical and toxicological evaluation of flavor chemicals in electronic cigarette refill fluids. Scientific Reports, 8, 8288.

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Topical Delivery of Botanical Compounds

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HSYA (purity>90%) was provided by Chengdu University (Chengdu, China). Icariin (batch number 489-32-7, purity>98%) was purchased from Shyuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Cinnamaldehyde (batch number FY1265VX53J, purity>98%) and 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (batch number FY17830102, purity>98%) were obtained from Nantong Feiyu Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Nantong, China). Phospholipon 90G, Lipoid 75 andNatipide II were gifts from Lipoid GmbH (Newark, NJ, USA). Soybean lecithin was purchased from TCI America (Boston, MA, USA). Oleic acid (OA), isopropyl myristate (IPM), Tween 20, and Span 80 were purchased from Sigma (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Labrosol ALF, Labrafac 1349, Transcutol P were gifts from GATTEFOSSE (Paramus, NJ, USA). Phosphate buffer saline (PBS), Brij58, ethanol, propylene glycol, acetonitrile, and phosphoric acid were purchased from ACROS Organics (Newark, NJ, USA). All other ingredients and reagents were of analytical grade. Cadaver skin from the posterior torso (female, aged 56) was supplied by the NewYork Firefighters Skin Bank.

Lin H.M., Lin L.F., Sun M.Y., Liu J, & Wu Q. (2020). Topical Delivery of Four Neuroprotective Ingredients by Ethosome-Gel: Synergistic Combination for Treatment of Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 15, 3251-3266.

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Pharmacological Evaluation of CMPI and dFBr

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The dFBr, CMPI, and nicotine were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Tween 80, propylene glycol, and normal saline (0.9% NaCl) were purchased from Acros Organic (part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, NJ), Amresco (Solon, OH.), and BDHR VWR analytical (Radnor, PA), respectively. For i.p. injection, CMPI and dFBr were dissolved in a vehicle mixture consisting of saline, Tween 80, and propylene glycol, at a ratio of 18:1:1, respectively [38 (link)]. For s.c. injection, nicotine was dissolved in physiological saline.

Deba F., Ramos K., Vannoy M., Munoz K., Akinola L.S., Damaj M.I, & Hamouda A.K. (2020). Examining the Effects of (α4)3(β2)2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Selective Positive Allosteric Modulator on Acute Thermal Nociception in Rats. Molecules, 25(12), 2923.

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Itaconic Acid-Based Polymer Synthesis

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The itaconic acid (99%) (IA), succinic acid (99%) (SA), propylene glycol (99%) (PG), neopentyl glycol (99%) (NPG), isosorbide (98%) (IS), methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKPO), cobalt octoate, hydroquinone (pro analysis) (HQ), ethanol (99%) and toluene (99%) were supplied from Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium. Isopropanol and tetrahydrofuran were purchased from Macron Fine Chemicals, Center Valley, Pennsylvania, USA, and Fisher Chemical, Waltham, MA, USA, respectively. Zinc acetate (99.99%) (ZnAc) and dimethyl itaconate (99%) (DMI) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA. All chemicals were used as received.

Pantic O., Spasojevic M., Dzunuzovic E., Nikolic M.S., Savic S., Markovic M, & Spasojevic P. (2022). The Effect of Glycol Derivatives on the Properties of Bio-Based Unsaturated Polyesters. Polymers, 14(15), 2970.

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Formulation Development of Ketorolac Tromethamine

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Ketorolac tromethamine (KT) was obtained from TCI chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). Fertilized white horn eggs were purchased from Heath Farm (Fakenham, UK). Transcutol P, Labrafac PG, Labrafac lipophile WL 1349, Labrafil M 1944 CS, Labrafil M 2125 CS, Labrafil M 2130 CS, and Labrasol ALF were received as a gift from Gattefosse SAS (Leon, France). Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80, Span 20, triacetin, ethyl oleate, dimethyl isosorbide, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and isopropyl myristate were obtained from ACROS organics (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). Cremophor RH 40, Cremophor EL, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol, hexylene glycol, Span 80, 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, (2,3-butanediol), NaOH were purchased From Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium chloride dehydrate were from Fisher Scientific UK Ltd. (Loughborough, UK). Other chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Smail S.S., Ghareeb M.M., Omer H.K., Al-Kinani A.A, & Alany R.G. (2021). Studies on Surfactants, Cosurfactants, and Oils for Prospective Use in Formulation of Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions. Pharmaceutics, 13(4), 467.

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Characterization of Chitosan-Vanillin Composites

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Chitosan with an average molecular weight of 15 kDa and with minimum 85% degree of deacetylation (Polysciences, Inc.), vanillin (Sigma-Aldrich), syringaldehyde (Acros Organics), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich), sodium cyanoborohydride (Acros Organics), sodium carbonate (Carl Roth), kraft lignin from southern pine trees (Domtar), carbon black AB-520 (MTI Corporation), and carbon paper Spectracarb 2050A-0550 (Fuel Cell Store) were used as received. Solvents acetic acid (VWR International), ethanol (Fisher), propylene glycol (Acros Organics), and deuterated solvents water (Sigma-Aldrich) and acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) were used without further purification. The surface morphology of carbon black, ChiVan–CB composite and the composite after grinding was investigated by SEM using a Zeiss Leo Gemini 1550 microscope. Nitrogen adsorption measurements were performed using a Quantachrome Quadrasorb SI porosimeter with N2 at 77 K. ¹H NMR samples were prepared by dissolving the material (10 mg) in D₂O (1 mL) and D₃CCOOD (10 μL). The spectra were measured using an Ascend 400 MHz NMR spectrometer (Bruker). FT-IR measurements were performed at a Nicolet iS 5 FT-IR Spectrometer (ThermoFisher Scientific). ICP-OES was conducted using a Horiba Ultra 2 instrument equipped with photomultiplier tube detection. Samples were dissolved in aqua regia and filtered prior to analysis.

Ilic I.K., Meurer M., Chaleawlert-umpon S., Antonietti M, & Liedel C. (2019). Vanillin decorated chitosan as electrode material for sustainable energy storage. RSC Advances, 9(8), 4591-4598.

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Enzymatic Sunflower Oil Transformation

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Edible sunflower oil (Zvijezda, Zagreb, Croatia) was purchased at a local supermarket. Commercial lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipolase 100L), ethylene glycol, glycerol, betaine and propylene glycol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Handels GmbH (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Methanol was purchased from BDH Prolabo (Lutterworth, United Kingdom). Choline chloride, zinc chloride and propylene glycol were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Ethanol was purchased from Gram-mol (Zagreb, Croatia). The chemicals were of analytical grade and were used without further purification, except for drying.

Anđelović S., Božinović M., Ćurić Ž., Šalić A., Jurinjak Tušek A., Kučan K.Z., Rogošić M., Radović M., Cvjetko Bubalo M, & Zelić B. (2022). Deep Eutectic Solvents for Biodiesel Purification in a Microextractor: Solvent Preparation, Selection and Process Optimization. Bioengineering, 9(11), 665.

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