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555 protocols using eclipse e800

1

Tracking M2-EV Internalization in RCC Cells

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M2-EV labeling was completed with the PKH67 Green Fluorescence Kit (UR52303, Umibio, Shanghai, Co., Ltd., China). Afterward, the harvested EVs were co-cultured with RCC cells, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed by PBS and exposed to DAPI (Sigma, MO, USA, D9542) for nuclear staining. The slides were photographed under the fluorescence microscope (ECLIPSE E800, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
The internalization of M2-EV-carried miR-342-3p by recipient cells (RCC cells) was further investigated. M2 macrophages were transfected with Cy3-miR-342-3p (GenePharma) using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) (serum-free medium) for 6 h, and then the medium was replaced with 10% EV-free serum medium. After further 48-h incubation, the supernatant was collected, and M2-EVs carrying Cy3-miR-342-3p were extracted. The EVs were resuspended by PBS and added to RCC cells. Subsequently, the cells were fixed and washed by PBS, and the cytoskeletons were labeled with Phalloidin-iFfluor 488 Reagent (green, ab176753, 1:1000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) for 30 min at room temperature. The nuclei were stained with DAPI. Finally, the internalization of EVs-miR-342-3p in RCC cells was validated microscopically by fluorescence microscopy (ECLIPSE E800, Nikon, Japan).
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2

Tracing BMSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

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Purified BMSCs-EVs were labeled with PKH26 red fluorescence kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Next, the EVs were resuspended in 1 mL diluent C solution, and 4 μL of PKH26 ethanol staining solution was added to prepare a 4 × 10−6 M dye solution. A total of 1 mL of the EV suspension was mixed with dye solution for 5 min, and 2 mL of 1% EV-free FBS added for incubation for 1 min to terminate staining. The labeled EVs were ultracentrifuged at 1,000 r/min for 2 h, and the EVs in the samples were enriched in sucrose at a density of 1.13-1.19 g/mL, followed by the collection of the EVs. PKH26-labeled EVs were cocultured with chondrocytes at 37°C for 12 h. Next, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and the nuclei were stained with 4′,6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, D9542, Sigma-Aldrich). Finally, the uptake of EVs by chondrocytes was observed under a fluorescence microscope (ECLIPSE E800, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
To explore the transfer of NEAT1, FITC-NEAT1 (green) was transfected into BMSCs utilizing Lipofectamine 2000 reagent, and BMSC-EVs were then collected as the previous method and added with Dil tag (red). Afterward, the BMSC-EVs were cocultured with chondrocytes for 48 h, and the uptake of BMSC-EVs carrying FITC-NEAT1 by chondrocytes was observed under a fluorescence microscope (ECLIPSE E800, Nikon, Japan).
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3

Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Placenta

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Mouse placenta biopsy were fixed with 4% (vol./vol.) paraformaldehyde in PBS, cryopreserved in 10% sucrose, then 30%, and embedded in OCT compound (Tissue‐Tek). After cryosectioning samples, 4‐μm‐thick midsagittal frozen sections were rinsed in PBS for 10 minutes and slides were mounted in ProLong Gold containing DAPI and visualized by fluorescent optical microscopy (Nikon, Eclipse E800). For IF, cryosections were permeabilized in 0.1% phosphate buffered saline with Tween 20 (PBST) for five minutes and overlaid with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate for five minutes to induce antigen retrieval. They were further blocked with 2% (vol./vol.) normal goat serum with 1% (wt./vol.) bovine serum albumin in PBS for two hours in a humid chamber at room temperature. Sections were then incubated with anti‐rabbit Tpbpα (1/500) or anti‐rabbit Epcam (1/100) primary antibody diluted in 2% goat serum/PBS or goat serum only (negative control) overnight at 4°C. After rinsing the slides three times for five minutes each in PBST, samples were overlaid with goat anti‐rabbit Alexa Fluor 647 secondary antibody (1/500 and 1/200 for Tpbpα and Epcam, respectively) for two hours at RT. After washing, sections were mounted in ProLong Gold/DAPI and visualized by fluorescent optical microscopy (Nikon, Eclipse E800).
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4

Mouse Placenta Immunofluorescence Microscopy

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Mouse placenta biopsy were fixed with 4% (vol./vol.) paraformaldehyde in PBS, cryopreserved in sucrose 10% then 30% and embedded in O.C.T. compound (Tissue-Tek®). After cryosectioning samples, 4 µm thick mid-sagittal frozen sections were rinsed in PBS for 10min and slides were mounted in Prolong Gold containing DAPI and visualized by fluorescent optical microscopy (Nikon, Eclipse E800). For immunofluorescence (IF), cryosections were permeabilized in 0.1% PBST for 5min and overlaid with 1% SDS for 5min to induce antigen retrieval. They were further blocked with 2% (vol./vol.) normal goat serum with 1% (wt/vol.) BSA in PBS for 2 hours in a humid chamber at room temperature. Sections were then incubated with anti-rabbit Tpbpα (1/500) or anti-rabbit Epcam (1/100) primary antibody diluted in 2% goat serum/PBS or goat serum only (negative control) overnight at 4 °C. After rinsing the slides 3 times 5 min each in PBST, samples were overlaid with goat anti-rabbit Alexa fluor 647 secondary antibody (1/500 and 1/200 for Tpbpa and Epcam respectively) for 2 hours at RT. After washing, sections were mounted in Prolong Gold / DAPI and visualized by fluorescent optical microscopy (Nikon, Eclipse E800).
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5

Microscopic Analysis of Plant Ovules

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For light microscopy, semi-thin sections (0.5–1.5 μm) were cut with a glass knife on Sorvall MT 2B ultramicrotome from the specimens embedded in Spurr’s resin. Then, the sections were stained with 0.05% toluidine blue O in 1% sodium tetraborate. For detection of insoluble polysaccharides, proteins and lipids were stained with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent (Jensen 1962 ), aniline blue black (ABB; Jensen 1962 ), and with Sudan black B (SBB; Bronner 1975 (link)). The microscopical analysis and photographic documentation were made with a Nikon Eclipse E 800 light microscope and a Nikon DS-5Mc camera using the Lucia Image software.
For control, the ovules at different developmental stages were cleared in Hoyer’s solution (Liu and Meinke 1998 ). First, the plant material was fixed in methanol:acetic acid (3:1) and then washed in decreasing concentrations of methanol (96, 75, and 50%) for 30 min. The material was gradually cleared in Hoyer’s solution. Finally, the samples were examined with Nikon Eclipse E 800 microscope with differential interference contrast optics (DIC).
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6

Immunofluorescence Microscopy Protocol

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The immunofluorescence technique was done as previously described [26 (link)]. Shortly, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) and permeabilized in cold methanol (− 20 °C). Then, cells were incubated with blocking buffer (5% Horse Serum in PBS) for 1 h. Cells were incubated with primary antibodies overnight and with secondary antibodies for at least 1 h and washed twice with PBS in between incubations. Hoechst 33258 (Sigma-Aldrich) or DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) was used together with the secondary antibodies in order to stain the nuclei. Cover slips with cells were mounted in polyvinyl mounting medium. Cells were imaged using an Eclipse E800 Nikon or AxioImager Carl Zeiss microscopes and photographed with either a SPOT CCD or a Pursuit CCD camera (both from Diagnostic Instruments) using the manufacturer’s software. The images were analyzed and merged using Adobe Photoshop CC.
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7

Morphine Effects on vMSCs Angiogenesis

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vMSCs were seeded on cover glasses at the density of 1.5 × 104 cells/glass for 24 h. Then, the medium was changed with a fresh one containing 50 ng/ml of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for 7 days at 37° and 5% CO2, followed by morphine sulphate treatment for other 7 days at 37 °C and 5% CO2. At the end of the treatment, the samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min at 4 °C, followed by a permealization step in 0.1% Triton X-100 for 5 min at 4 °C. After some washes in PBS, the samples were covered with 2.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) diluted in PBS (blocking reagent), for 30 min at room temperature (RT), followed by incubation in mouse anti-human CD31 antibody (Origene, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Monza, Italy) diluted 1:100 in blocking reagent, overnight at 4 °C. Then, the samples were washed in PBS and incubated for 1 h and 30 min at 37 °C with secondary antibody anti-mouse IgG–Cy3 conjugated (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), diluted 1:2000 in PBS. Samples were rinsed with PBS, counterstained with DAPI and mounted in vectashield medium (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA). The fluorescence microscopy Eclipse E800 Nikon (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) was utilized to observe the samples.
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8

Immunofluorescence Staining of Fixed Cells

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SG immunofluorescence was done as described [10 (link), 47 (link)]. Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized in 100% cold methanol (−20°C). Then, samples were incubated with blocking buffer (5% Horse Serum in PBS) for 1h. Cells were incubated with primary and secondary antibodies for at least 1h each and washed twice with PBS in between incubations. Hoechst 33258 was used together with the secondary antibodies in order to stain the nuclei. Cover slips with cells were mounted in polyvinyl mounting medium. Cells were imaged using an Eclipse E800 Nikon or AxioImager Carl Zeiss microscopes and photographed with either a SPOT CCD or a Pursuit CCD camera (both from Diagnostic Instruments) using the manufacturer's software. The images were analyzed and merged using Adobe Photoshop CS3.
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9

Quantifying Apoptosis in Lung Cancer

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The apoptotic cell death was assayed by in situ detection of DNA fragmentation using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TUNEL) assay. Paraffin lung cancer tissue sections (5 μm) were warmed 30 min. (64°C), deparaffinized and rehydrated. Terminal transferase mediated dUTP nick end-labeling of nuclei was performed by using APO-BrdU TUNEL Assay kit (A-23210; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Samples were observed under fluorescence microscopy using an Eclipse E800 Nikon (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Representative images were shown. Quantitative analysis of TUNEL positive areas expressed as relative amount of treated area compared to untreated ones, were assessed by area counting of three fields for each of five slides per each sample at ×60 magnification by Image–ProPlus software (Immagini e Computer, Milan, Italy).
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10

Immunofluorescence Microscopy Protocol

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The immunofluorescence technique was done as previously described [26 (link)]. Shortly, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) and permeabilized in cold methanol (− 20 °C). Then, cells were incubated with blocking buffer (5% Horse Serum in PBS) for 1 h. Cells were incubated with primary antibodies overnight and with secondary antibodies for at least 1 h and washed twice with PBS in between incubations. Hoechst 33258 (Sigma-Aldrich) or DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) was used together with the secondary antibodies in order to stain the nuclei. Cover slips with cells were mounted in polyvinyl mounting medium. Cells were imaged using an Eclipse E800 Nikon or AxioImager Carl Zeiss microscopes and photographed with either a SPOT CCD or a Pursuit CCD camera (both from Diagnostic Instruments) using the manufacturer’s software. The images were analyzed and merged using Adobe Photoshop CC.
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