N methylpyrrolidone

Methanol and toluene of chemically pure (CP) grade were purchased from Vekton (Saint Petersburg, Russia) and were used as received. N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and propylene oxide were purchased from Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and were used as received. The compound 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether was purified by vacuum distillation, mp = 190 °C.
Copolyamides were synthesized via low-temperature polycondensation using dichloroanhydride and two diamines. The dichloroanhydride of terephthaloyl-bis(3-methoxy-4-oxybenzoic) acid was synthesized according to the procedure described in [36 ]. Diamine (1) {2,8-bis(4-aminophenyl)pyrido[3,2-g]quinoline-4,6-dicarboxylic acid} was synthesized using pyrrolo[3,2-f]indol-2,3,5,6(1H,7H)-tetraone [37 ] and p-aminoacetophenone.

The working
electrodes were fabricated by mixing the TO or RTO powders with super
P and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF, Mw 27500, Sigma-Aldrich) with
a mass ratio of 70:20:10. The active materials were milled with super
P in an agate mortar, and the mixtures were subsequently transferred
to N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP, ≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich)
solution where PVDF was dissolved. Ultrasonication was applied to
ensure good dispersion of the mixed powders. The mixed slurry was
cast on Cu foil and dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 12 h.
The mass loading of active materials was ∼1.0 mg cm^–2. The half-cells were fabricated in a glovebox where the active materials
were combined with lithium metal (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich) and a glass
fiber separator (ECC1-01-0012-B/L). The applied electrolyte was composed
of 1 M LiPF₆ in a 1:1 ratio v/v ethylene carbonate/dimethyl
carbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, battery grade). As for the operando XRD
cell, the mass ratio of the mixed slurry was changed to 50:40:10 to
achieve an enhanced electronic conductivity, and the beryllium window
was employed as the current collector. All electrochemical measurements
were performed in a galvanostat/potentiostat (VMP-300, Biologic) with
EC-Lab software at room temperature using commercial lab-scale cells
(TU Delft), while the operando cell was an optical test cell from
EL-CELL.

All reagents were used without further purification. Epinephrine (EPI), dopamine, hydroquinone (HQ), hexaamin ruthenium (III), tartaric acid, sodium metabisulphite, potassium chloride, sodium chloride and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. As supporting electrolyte, 0.1 M buffer solutions were prepared from ortho-phosphoric or acetic acid in the pH range of 3.0–9.0. For the solution-based synthesis of GNRs, phenanthrene-9,10-quinone, 1,3-diphenylacetone, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), diphenylacetylene, bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) (Ni (COD)₂) and iron trichloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA: Li₂CO₃, Al₂O₃, LiCl, KCl, N,N-poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF, and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). The acetylene carbon was purchased from MTI company, Richmond, CA, USA. All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Deionized water (DI) was used from a Milli Q ultra-purification system (type 2) with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ cm⁻¹ m, where necessary.

As the host polymer, PVdF-HFP with avg. molecular weight 400 000, NaClO₄ (98% purity), tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) (>99.00%), N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) (99.5%), conducting carbon black (99+% metal basis) and phosphorus red (≥97.0%) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich. PMMA with a molecular weight of 350 000 was acquired from Alfa Aesar. The EMIM-BF₄ extrapure, catalysis, and nanotechnology grade chemical was obtained from SRL and utilized without further processing.