Potassium hydroxide

The fixed specimens were washed for 1 h in running water, and then stored in 3% potassium hydroxide (JUNSEI, Tokyo, Japan) solution. 3% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution containing 0.2 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide (DUKSAN, Ansan, Korea) per 100 mL. The fixed specimens became partially transparent after 3 to 4 weeks of storage, during which time the potassium hydroxide solution was replaced daily.

The SS used in this study were acquired from a local market (Yoo Lim Oil Manufacture, Seoul, Korea), which were collected and imported from China during 2014 and 2015. They were stored in sacks before usage at a room temperature of 24 ± 2°C (mean ± range). HPLC-grade acetonitrile, n-hexane, water, and mEthanol were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ). BaP standard was from WAKO (Osaka, Japan). Ethanol, ethyl ether, potassium hydroxide, chloroform, iodine, acetic acid, potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, starch indicator, and sodium carbonate, were from DUKSAN (Ansan, Korea). Thymolphthalein was from DAEJUNG (Siheung, Korea). Bromine was from SAMCHUN (Pyeongtaek, Korea). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and gallic acid standard were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Sesamol standard was from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd (Chengdu, China). Sesamolin standard was from ChemFaces (Wuhan, China).

Powdered kamut sprout product, used as a raw material, was purchased from Jusung Co. Ltd., Korea. The yeast malt (YM, Lot. 8282839) and Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS, Lot. 2298709) media that was used for the fermentation were obtained from DIFCO. Food-grade ethanol was used for extraction. The reagents for the β-glucan analysis were obtained by purchasing a β-glucan assay kit (K-YBGL) from Megazyme. Potassium hydroxide and sodium acetate were purchased from DUKSAN, Korea. Folin & Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (FCR) and gallic acid for the total polyphenol analysis were acquired from Merck, Korea. Sodium carbonate was obtained from Daejung chemicals, Korea. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and L-ascorbic acid for anti-oxidant efficacy testing were purchased from Merck, Korea. FBS, RPMI-1640 media, as well as Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) were purchased from Welgene, Korea, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), dexamethasone (DEX), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Merck, Korea. All of the reagents utilized in this research were of extra-pure (analytical) grade.