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6 protocols using nampt

1

Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroprotection

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GP17 (molecular weight = 947.154; purity > 98%) was purchased from Beijing Beina Chuanglian Biotechnology Research Institute (Beijing, China). The positive control drug NBP was obtained from CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (MO, United States). Primary antibodies against p62/SQSTM1, LC3-B, BNIP3, NAMPT, SIRT1, SIRT2, MnSOD, PGC-1α, FOXO3 and p-FOXO3 were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Primary antibodies against Hif1α and Beclin1 were obtained from Proteintech (Wuhan, China). A primary antibody against SIRT3 was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (MA, USA). The inducer RAP and the inhibitors 3-MA and 2-ME were obtained from MedChemExpress (New Jersey, USA). The inhibitor AGK-7 was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). ELISA kits for IL-6, TNF–α, MCP-1, T-AOC and 4-HNE were acquired from HaiTai TongDa Sci Tech, Ltd. (Beijing, China).
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2

Protein Extraction and Cytotoxic Assay Protocol

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Cells were were lysed in RIPA buffer (Tris–HCl pH 8.0 25 mM, NaCl 150 mM, NP40 1%, Sodium desoxycholate 1%, SDS 1%, Na3VO4 1 mM, EDTA 0.5 M, complete protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail, 2 mM) and then subjected to 3 sonication cycles during 5 seconds. The amount of protein was determined by Bradford assay using BSA (bovine serum albumin) as a standard. The primary antibodies were purchased from commercial sources as follows: á-tubulin 1:10000 (SIGMA – T9026), NANOG (ab80892 Rabbit polyclonal, Abcam); NAMPT (Anti-Visfatin antibody BETHYL A300-779A),. The secondary antibodies used were: Goat pAB to Rabbit IgG (HRP) 1:5000 (ABCAM ab97051), Rabbit pAB to Mouse IgG (HRP) 1:5000 (ABCAM ab97046).
Cytotoxic Assay MTT. 5x103 SF268 cells were seeded then treated with FK866 24 hours later. After 96 hours, cell viability was measured with MTT.
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3

Western Blot Analysis of NRK1/2 Proteins

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Protein lysates were extracted from tissues in RIPA buffer (50 mmol/l Tris pH 7.4, 1% NP40, 0.25% sodium deoxycholate, 150 mmol/l NaCl, 1 mmol/l EDTA) and protease/phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Lewes, U.K.). Total protein concentration was quantified by Bio-Rad assay. Total proteins (25 μg) were resolved on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Primary antibodies specific for NRK1/2 were generated and affinity purified by BioGenes (GmbH) Berlin, Germany and used at a 1:2000 dilution. Primary antibodies including NAMPT (Abcam, USA), β-Actin (Cell Signaling, USA, #12262) and α-Tubulin (Santa Cruz, USA, SC-5286) were all commercially available and used at a 1:1000 dilution. Secondary anti-mouse and anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated with HRP (Dako, Denmark) were added at a dilution of 1/10,000. Equal loading of protein content was verified using beta-actin and alpha-tubulin and bands visualized using ECL detection system (GE Healthcare, UK).
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4

Quantifying Protein Signaling in Brain Regions

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The PFC and HIP regions of the brain were immediately placed on ice after dissection. After sonication, total protein was extracted and quantified with a kit. Next, 60 μg of total protein was used for electrophoretic analysis for 2 h and transferred to a PVDF membrane at 100 V for 2 h under cooling conditions. pCREB/CREB (1:5000, Cell Signaling Technology), NAMPT (1:500, Abcam), and the membranes were first treated with GAPDH (1:10,000) overnight, followed by incubation with the secondary antibody conjugated to HRP (KangChen Bio-tech, Shanghai, China). Finally, the signal intensity was evaluated with Image J.
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5

Protein Expression Analysis by SDS-PAGE

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Cells were lysed with RIPA lysis buffer; cell lysates were then subjected to an 8–12% sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Bio-Rad, USA), and probed with antibodies. The antibodies used here were as follows: NFIB (Abcam, UK, 1:1000 dilution), NAMPT (Abcam, UK, 1:1000 dilution), and GAPDH (Proteinates, China).
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6

Visfatin Signaling in Spheroid Proteomics

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After treating spheroids with visfatin (100 ng/mL) for 48 h, spheroids were lysed in lysis buffer. Proteins were separated on 4-20% Mini-Protean TGX Precast Protein Gels (Bio-Rad) and then transferred to Trans-Blot Turbo Mini PVDF transfer packs (Bio-Rad) using the Trans-Blot Turbo transfer system (Bio-Rad). The blots were blocked for 1 h with 0.02 M Tris-buffered saline containing 5% bovine serum albumin and 0.1% Tween 20 and then incubated overnight at 4°C with antibodies specific for MMP2 (#4022; Cell Signaling Technology), GLUT1 (ab652; Abcam), GLUT4 (#2213; Cell Signaling Technology), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1; #41493; GeneTex), and visfatin (NAMPT; ab233294; Abcam). The membranes were then washed three times in Tris-buffered saline and 0.1% Tween 20 and incubated for 1 h at room temperature with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-rabbit (#7074) or anti-mouse (#7076) secondary antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology). β-actin (A5316; Sigma-Aldrich) was used as a loading control. Immunopositive bands were visualized using WesternBright Sirius HRP substrate (Advansta, Menlo Park, CA, USA). Quantification of protein bands from three independent experiments was performed by densitometry using VisionWorks LS Acquisition and Analysis software (UVP, Upland, CA, USA).
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