Bovine serum

The following substances were used in this study: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotic–antimycotic agent (Corning Life Science, Corning, NY, USA); sonidegib (Selleckchem, Houston, TX, USA); SP600125 (Calbiochem, Darmstadt, Germany); LPS from Escherichia coli (serotype O111:B4), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and anti-β-actin and anti-lamin B1 antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA); goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 and 4′,6-diamidino-2-henylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI; Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA); fluorescent mounting medium (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA); MKK4 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA); anti-phospho-IκBα antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA); and primary antibodies against phospho-MKK4, phospho-JNK, JNK3, phospho-c-Jun, c-Jun, iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB p65, and IκBα and secondary anti-rabbit and anti-mouse antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA).

AZ-628 was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, United States). Chemotherapeutic agents including mitoxantrone, topotecan, SN-38, paclitaxel, and cisplatin were purchased from Sigma Co. (St. Louis, MO, United States). Cell culture reagents including bovine serum, fetal bovine serum, DMEM and 0.25% trypsin were purchased from Corning Inc. (Tewksbury, MA, United States). Immunoblotting materials including human ABCG2 monoclonal antibodies for ABCG2 and GAPDH, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated antibody and HRP-conjugated secondary antibody were purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA, United States). Tritium-labeled mitoxantrone ([³H]-mitoxantrone, 2.5 Ci/mmol) was purchased from Moravek Biochemicals, Inc. (Brea, CA, United States).