Zrcl4

N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), Fisher Scientific, 99.9%; ZrCl₄, Alfa Aesar, >99.5%; Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O, Alfa Aesar, 99.0%; Terephthalic acid (BDC), Sigma–Aldrich, 98%; Biphenyl-1.4’-dicarboxylic acid (BPDC), Accela Chem Bio Inc., 97.0%; Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (BTC), Alfa Aesar, 98%; Benzoic acid, Sigma–Aldrich, >99.5%; Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), HSV-1800; Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), PVDF-HFP 2801; N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP), Sigma–Aldrich, 99.5%; Acetic acid, glacial, Fisher Scientific, 99.7%; Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Fisher Scientific; Fluorinated graphite (CF_x), ACS Materials; Lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI), BASF; Fluoromethane (FM), Air Liquide, 99.99%; Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Sigma–Aldrich, >99.9%.

ZrCl₄ (≥98.0%), 2-aminoterephthalic acid (≥98.0%), mercury standard solution (AAS, 1 mg/mL Hg in 2–5% HNO₃) and lead standard solution (AAS, 1 mg/mL Pb in 2–5% HNO₃) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. CH₃NCS (≥99.0%) and hydroxyethyl starch (98%) were purchased from XiYa Chemical (Linyi, China) Technology. Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (≥98.0%), Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O (≥98.0%), FeCl₃·6H₂O (≥98.0%), DMF (A.R.), acetone (A.R.) and C₂H₅OH (A.R.) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Tetrahydrofuran, K₂Cr₂O₇ (A.R.), CdO (≥99.999%), Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (A.R.), CaCO₃ (A.R.), MgSO₄ (A.R.), Mn(NO₃)₂ (50%, A.R.), THF (A.R.) and HF (≥40%, A.R.) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China). Deionized water was used throughout all experiments. PTFE filters (13 mm diameter with pore size of 0.22 μm) were purchased from ZiYang Economic and Trade Corporation (Changchun, China). Substrates used in this work (non-woven fabric made of polypropylene (NWF) with 0.42 mm thickness and a mass density of 120 g/m²) were purchased from commercial sources. All substrates were washed with acetone and dried at 60 °C for 3 h in a vacuum oven before use. All reagents and materials were used as received without further treatment.