Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) - PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Normality of data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous co-variates were expressed as mean with standard deviation (SD) or median with interquartile range and compared between groups using the Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test depending on their distribution. Discrete co-variates were expressed as frequencies and percentages and compared using Chi-square (χ2) or Fisher's exact test. Due to non-normal distributions of TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β, nonparametric test (Mann-Whitney U-test) was used to compare their levels at baseline between cases and controls and between genders. All statistical analysis was done at 95% confidence interval and P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Spss pasw statistics for windows version 18
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SPSS PASW Statistics for Windows, version 18.0 is a software application designed for statistical analysis. It provides tools for data management, analysis, and visualization. The software is intended to help users explore data, test hypotheses, and generate reports.
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5 protocols using spss pasw statistics for windows version 18
1
Statistical Analysis of Cytokine Profiles
2
Plasma Lipid Levels and Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Lipid levels and other potentially relevant factors were compared among individuals with MCI and cognitively normal controls. Mann–Whitney or t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables (or trend tests if applicable) were used to test for significant differences between the groups. Because the distribution of HDL-C and TG levels was skewed, we performed logarithmic transformation of these data and repeated the statistical tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of MCI associated with plasma lipid levels. ORs and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were calculated. After adjusting for sex, age, and education, we performed a second model adjusting for BMI, T2DM, hypertension, and heart disease. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and all P-values were two-sided. All analyses were performed using SPSS PASW Statistics for Windows, version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Released 2009, Chicago, IL, USA).
3
Associations of Homocysteine and Folate with MCI Subtypes
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The experimental measurement data are expressed as the means ± standard deviations (SDs). The experimental count data were expressed as numbers and percentages. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare differences in the neuropsychological data, MTA scores, WMH scores, and APOE-4 genotype among the MCI subtypes. The cumulative frequency distributions of the Hcy and folate concentrations in patients with aMCI and naMCI were compared with those in healthy control subjects by using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to test the associations among MTA scores and the APOE genotype with Hcy in the MCI subtypes. A linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables was determined by plotting partial regression scatter plots and scatter plots of studentized residuals and predicted values. All analyses were performed using SPSS PASW Statistics for Windows, version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Released 2009, Chicago, IL, USA).
4
Quantitative validation of RNA-seq expression via qRT-PCR
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For verification of RNA-seq results, six miRNAs were randomly selected to perform quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). A cDNA synthesis kit (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan) was used to reverse transcribe total RNA into cDNA following the manufacturer's instructions. QRT-PCR using the SYBR™ Green PCR Master Mix (TaKaRa, Shiga, Japan) was performed on a CFX96 real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad, Munich, Germany). The execution program of qRT-PCR was 40 cycles with denaturation at 95°C for 5 s and annealing at 60°C for 30 s. To normalize gene expression, the β-actin gene was used as an internal reference. The relative expression levels of the ten previously selected miRNA were analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCt method (28 (link)). After normalizing the Ct value of the target gene and that of β-actin, the qRT-PCR data were analyzed. The qRT-PCR was performed in three biological replicates. Student's t-test was used to demonstrate the differences in mRNA expression between the samples. The statistical significance (P < 0.05) of the data was determined using Student's t-test with SPSS (PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The primers are listed in Table 1 .
5
Comparative Analysis of Elderly Patients
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Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Patient characteristics were defined using the ratio for categorical variables and the mean for continuous variables. The patients were divided into two groups as elderly (65 years and older) and younger (under 65 years). The rates of data regarding indications, complications and diagnoses of the patients in both groups were compared using the chi-square test. When the frequency was below 5, proportional comparisons were made using Fisher's exact test of probability. Student's t test was used to compare the mean ages of both groups. P value <0.05 was set as significant.
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