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892 protocols using phospho akt

1

Comprehensive Immunoblotting Analysis of mTOR Pathway

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All the antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA): mTOR (cat #2983), phospho-mTOR (Ser2481, cat #2974), phospho-mTOR (Ser2448, cat #5536), Rictor (cat #9476), phospho-Rictor (Thr1135, cat #3806), Raptor (cat #2280), AKT (cat #4691), phospho-AKT (Ser473, cat #4060), phospho-AKT (Thr308, cat #13038), phospho-AKT (Thr450, cat #9267), GSK-3β (cat #9315), phospho-GSK-3β (Ser9, cat #9336), PTEN (cat #9559), β-actin (cat #4970), 4E-BP1 (cat #9644), phospho-4E-BP1 (Thr37/46, cat #2855), S6K1/p70S6K (cat #9202), phospho-S6K1/phospho-p70S6K (Thr389, cat #9234), Myc-Tag (cat #2276), horseradish peroxidase-linked anti-rabbit IgG (cat #7074), horseradish peroxidase-linked anti-mouse IgG (cat #7076). Lipofectamine LTX, plus reagent, culture medium were from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Antibiotic–antimycotic, propedium iodide (PI), rapamycin, GSK3β inhibitor (SB212763), PI3K inhibitor (LY294002 and wortmannin) and other chemicals were from Sigma–Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails were from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA, USA). Cycle Test Plus kit was from BD Bioscience (East Rutherford, NJ, USA). Super Signal West Pico imaging system was from Thermo Scientific (Rockford, IL, USA).
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2

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis

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To prepare whole-cell lysates, cells were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in M-PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent (product no. 78501, Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with Pierce protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (product no. A32961, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Tumor tissue samples were lysed in T-PER Tissue Protein Extraction Reagent (product no. 78510, Thermo Fisher Scientific) with above supplement. The automatic hand-operated OMNI-TIP Homogenizer (Omni International, Inc.) was used to homogenize the tumor tissues. Lysates from whole cells and tumor homogenates were then processed for SDS-PAGE Western blotting. The following antibodies were used: Phospho-MEK1/2 (S217/221; catalog no. 9154S), MEK1/2 (catalog no. 4694S), Phospho-AKT (S473; catalog no. 9271S), Phospho-AKT (T308; catalog no. 4056S), AKT (catalog no. 9272S), Phospho-Erk1/2 (catalog no. 4370S), Erk1/2 (catalog no. 4695S), Phospho-S6 Ribosomal Protein (Ser 235/236; catalog no. 4858S), S6 Ribosomal Protein (catalog no.2217S), cleaved-CASP-3 (catalog no. 9664), cleaved-PARP (catalog no. 9541) from Cell Signaling Technology; anti-β-ACTIN (catalog no A5441-.2ML from Sigma-Aldrich; KRAS (catalog no. OP24, from EMDMillipore), and RAF1 (catalog no. sc-7267, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), horseradish peroxidase–conjugated goat anti-GST antibody (catalog no. A190-121P from Bethyl Laboratories).
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3

Comprehensive Protein Expression Analysis

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AR(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #5153), PSA/KLK3(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #5365), TOMM20(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #42,406), ATG5(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #12994S), LC3I/II(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #12,741), Akt (rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #4691), Phospho-Akt (Ser473)(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #4060), Phospho-Akt (Thr308)(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #13,038), Nanog(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #4903), Sox2(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #3579), ALDH1A1(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #36671S) and VDAC(rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, #4661) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (CST). NCAM1(rabbit polyclonal antibody, 1:1000, A7913), β-Actin(mouse polyclonal, 1:5000, AC004) and α-Tublin(mouse polyclonal, 1:5000, AC012) antibodies were purchased from ABclonal Technology (Upper Heyford, UK). NSE (rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, ab180943) and Syp (Rabbit monoclonal, 1:1000, ab184176) were purchased from Abcam (Shanghai, China). ALDH1A1(mouse monoclonal antibody, 1:500,sc-166362), TOMM70(mouse monoclonal antibody, 1:500, sc-390545),AR(rabbit polyclonal, 1:1000, Sc-815X) antibodies were purchased from Santa cruz. E-cadherin (rabbit polyclonal, 1:1000, GTX100443),BRN2(rabbit polyclonal, 1:1000, GTX114650) and N-cadherin (rabbit polyclonal, 1:1000, GTX127345) were purchased from Genetex.
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4

AICAR Enhances Glucose Uptake in Cells

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Trypsin solutions, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), antibiotic/antimycotic, and horse serum were purchased from GIBCO Life Technologies (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). We obtained 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). We used a Mem-PER Plus Membrane Protein Extraction Kit and 2-(N-[7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl] Amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) from Thermo (Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Protease inhibitor cocktail, phosphatase inhibitor cocktail, Compound C, and STO-609 were obtained from Sellbeck chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). Our siRNA was purchased from Shanghai GenePharma company (Shanghai, China). We utilized antibodies against phospho-AKT (Ser473), AMPKα (Thr172), phospho-AKT (Thr308), phospho-AS160 (Ser588), phospho-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182), phospho-ACC (Ser79), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K, P110β), AS160, AMPKα, and ACC from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); AKT, ATP1A1, p38 MAPK, and β-actin from Proteintech (Wuhan, China); and GLUT4 from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Secondary antibodies and insulin were sourced from Yeasen Biotech (Shanghai, China). A glucose assay kit was procured from Shanghai Kexin Biotechnology Research Institute (Shanghai, China).
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5

In Vitro and In Vivo Compound Preparation

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For in vitro studies MLN0128 (Selleckchem Houston, TX, USA) was dissolved in DMSO, phenfomin was dissolved in DMEM. For in vivo studies MLN0128 was dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), then diluted in 15% PEG diluted in water; phenformin was diluted in water at 1.8 mg/ml. Rapamycin was purchased from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA) and dissolved in DMSO. Antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA) used for immunoblots were diluted 1:1,000 and included phospho-p70 S6 kinase (Thr389 #9234), phospho-S6 (Ser235/236 #4858), total 4E-BP1 (#9644), phospho-4E-BP1 (Thr37/46 #2855), phospho-Akt (Ser473 #4060), phospho-Akt (Thr308 #4056), phospho-NDRG1 (Thr346 #5482), Phospho-Tuberin/TSC2 (Thr1462 #3611), phospho-GSKα/β (Ser21/9 #9331), beta-actin (#4970), cleaved PARP (Asp214 #5625), cleaved caspase 3 (Asp175 #9661) and phospho-Raptor (Ser792 #2083). Anti-Hif-1alpha (C-Term #10006421 1:200) antibody was purchased from Cayman Chemical and anti-GLUT1 (GT11-A 1:1,000) antibody was purchased from Alpha Diagnostic International (San Antonio, TX, USA). Plasmid expressing dox-inducible 4EBP1 4Ala (pCW57.1-4EBP1_4xAla, plasmid # 38240) and control vector (pCW57.1, plasmid # 41393) were purchased from Addgene.
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6

Profiling Signaling Pathways in Cancer Cell Lines

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H1975, HCC827, PC9 and H3255 cells were treated with serially diluted PCI32765, WZ4002 (1 μM) for 4 hours. Cells were then washed with PBS and lysed in cell lysis buffer. Phospho-EGF Receptor, Phospho-EGF Receptor (Tyr1068), Stat3, Phospho-Stat3 (Tyr705), AKT, Phospho-AKT (Ser473), Phospho-AKT (Thr308), p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2), Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204), p70 S6 Kinase, Phospho-p70 S6 Kinase (Thr389) Src, Phospho-Src Family (Tyr416), eIF4E, Phospho-eIF4E (Ser209), 4E-BP1, Phospho-4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) antibody (Cell signaling Technology) were used for immunoblotting.
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7

Isolation and Characterization of Pancreatic CSCs

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NVP-LDE225 and NVP-BEZ-235 were obtained from Chemie Tek (Indianapolis, IN). Antibodies used against Gli1, Gli2, phospho-Akt, Akt, caspase-3, PARP, E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin, Vimentin, Sox-2, Oct-4, Nanog, c-Myc, phospho-Akt, phospho-PI3K, phospho-p70S6K, phospho-GSK3Kβ, phospho-4EBP1, Akt, p70S6K, GSK3Kβ, 4EBP1, Slug, snail, snail, patched 1, patched2, Smo, Sufu Bcl-XL, Bax, Bak, Bcl2, and β-actin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA). Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) Western blot detection reagents were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation (Waltham, MA).
Isolation and characterization of CD44+CD24+ESA+ pancreatic CSCs have been described elsewhere [54 (link)]. Pancreatic CSCs were grown in well-defined stem cell culture medium [54 (link)–56 (link)].
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8

Comprehensive Antibody Toolkit for Cellular Signaling

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The following antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology: Akt(#4691), Phospho-Akt(Thr308)(#4056), Phospho-Akt(Ser473)(#4060), GAPDH, GSK-3β(#9315), Phospho-GSK-3β(#9323), FoxO1(#2880), Phospho-FoxO1 (Thr24)/FoxO3a(Thr32)/FoxO4(Thr28)(#2599), PRAS40(#2691), Phospho-PRAS40 (Thr246)(#2997), 4E-BP1(#9644), p70 S6K(#2708), Phospho-p70 S6K (Thr389)(#9234). SQSTM1/p62 (D5E2)(#8025), LC3B(#12513). PARP(#9532), Caspase-3(#9665), Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204)(#4377), p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (#4695), Phospho-NF-ΚB P65 (Ser 536)(#3033), NF-ΚB P65(#4764). Lysophosphatidic Acid (#sc-201053, Santa Cruz), Recombinant Human PDGF-BB (#220-BB, R&D), Recombinant Human C5a (Peprotech, #300-70), goat anti-IgM (#5C07615, Meridian). LC3B antibody (#3868, CST). Tubulin antibody (#8035, Santa Cruz). EEA1 antibody (#610456, BD Bioscience) and LAMP1 antibody (#24170, Abcam). Secondary antibodies, Alexa488-anti-mouse, Alexa594-anti-rabbit and Prolong gold mounting medium with DAPI were purchased from Invitrogen.
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9

Molecular Profiling of Glioma Therapeutics

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STELB was isolated from Jaspis stellifera and structurally identified it as described previously.[10a] TMZ, BKM120, and ZSTK474 were purchased from Selleck Chemicals. The following antibodies were used: Caspase‐3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9662), Cleaved Caspase‐3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9664), PARP (Cell Signaling Technology, 9532), MGMT (Cell Signaling Technology, 86039), PTEN (Cell Signaling Technology, 9188), PI3Kα (Cell Signaling Technology, 4249), PI3Kβ (Cell Signaling Technology, 3011), PI3Kγ (Cell Signaling Technology, 5405), PI3Kδ (Cell Signaling Technology, 34050), phospho‐Akt (Thr308, Cell Signaling Technology, 13038), phospho‐Akt (Ser473, Cell Signaling Technology, 4060), phospho‐mTOR (Ser2448, Cell Signaling Technology, 5536), DNA‐PKcs (Cell Signaling Technology, 38168), Ku70 (Cell Signaling Technology, 4588), Ku80 (Cell Signaling Technology, 2180), XRCC1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 2735), γ‐H2AX (Abcam, ab81299), BRCA1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 14823, for Western blot), BRCA1 (Abcam, ab16780, for IHC), BRCA2 (Abcam, ab216972), RAD51 (Abcam, 133534), Ki‐67 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9027), HA‐Tag (Cell Signaling Technology, 3724), β‐actin (Cell Signaling Technology, 4970), anti‐rabbit IgG, HRP‐linked antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, 7074), and anti‐rabbit IgG (H+L), F(ab')2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate, Cell Signaling Technology, 4412).
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10

Characterization of Cellular Signaling Pathways

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MK2206, zaragozic acid, and myriocin were obtained from Cayman Chemical. Oil Red O and Alizarin Red stainings were bought from Sigma-Aldrich. The Alkaline Phosphatase Assay Kit was purchased from Abcam. Antibodies used were as follows: caveolin (polyclonal; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Na+,K+ adenosine triphosphatase (polyclonal; Cell Signaling), calnexin (polyclonal; Abcam), GM130 (polyclonal; Cell Signaling), LAMP1 (polyclonal; Abcam), RUNX2 (polyclonal; Cell Signaling), GOLGA7 (monoclonal; Abcam), Sec61a (Abcam), hexokinase II (polyclonal; Cell Signaling), phospho-Akt (pS473; polyclonal; Cell Signaling), phospho-Akt (pS473; monoclonal; Cell Signaling), and Akt (polyclonal; Cell Signaling). The plasmids for Lyn-AktAR and Kras-AktAR were provided by J. Zhang (University of California, San Diego). The plasmid for GFP-PH-Akt was a gift from T. Balla [National Institutes of Health (NIH)].
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