One day after the end of the intervention period, following 16 h of food deprivation, rats were given an oral gavage of 2 g/kg glucose. Blood was collected at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min post-gavage via tail nick in a chilled tube for insulin analysis. Blood glucose was measured immediately with a blood glucose meter (OneTouch Verio and Blood Glucose Monitoring System, Lifescan, Switzerland). Whole body insulin sensitivity was determined using proxy measures from the glucose tolerance tests (composite insulin sensitivity index – CISI)51 (link).
Onetouch verio
Manufactured by LifeScan
Sourced in Switzerland, Belgium
The OneTouch Verio is a blood glucose monitoring system that measures the level of glucose in a small blood sample. It is designed to provide accurate and reliable results to assist individuals in managing their diabetes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
14 protocols using onetouch verio
1
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Rats
2
Evaluation of RAAS Regulation
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For the static exploration of RAAS, blood samples were collected in the morning (between 8 and 10 a.m.) following an overnight fasting, after 10 min of rest at a seated-position, without interruption of the current antihypertensive therapy. Blood was aseptically collected by venipuncture of the brachial vein in an EDTA tube for the measurement of plasma aldosterone (PA) and active renin mass concentration (ARC), and in a dry tube for the dosage of electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl−), serum creatinine and urea. Additionally, a fasting capillary glycemia was measured using a One Touch Verio (Lifescan Inc., Milipitas, California, USA) glucose meter, and a urinary dipstick was performed to search for proteinuria.
Afterwards, the dynamic test was undertaken, aiming at inducing hypervolemia and inhibiting the production of renin. The participant received 2000 ml of 0.9% normal saline solution intravenous infusion within 4 h. Subsequently, another blood sample was performed for PA measurement.
Serum and plasma (from both samplings) were immediately separated by centrifugation at 3000 r/min within 5 min, aliquoted, put on ice and transported to the biochemistry laboratory where electrolytes, serum urea and creatinine were measured without delay, and plasma, kept at −20℃ for further assessment of active renin and aldosterone before and after the dynamic test.
Afterwards, the dynamic test was undertaken, aiming at inducing hypervolemia and inhibiting the production of renin. The participant received 2000 ml of 0.9% normal saline solution intravenous infusion within 4 h. Subsequently, another blood sample was performed for PA measurement.
Serum and plasma (from both samplings) were immediately separated by centrifugation at 3000 r/min within 5 min, aliquoted, put on ice and transported to the biochemistry laboratory where electrolytes, serum urea and creatinine were measured without delay, and plasma, kept at −20℃ for further assessment of active renin and aldosterone before and after the dynamic test.
3
Fasting Glucose and Insulin Levels
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Fasting blood glucose levels were assessed after animals were fasted for 12 h (starting from 8:00 PM). Blood glucose levels were determined in blood samples from the tail vein at 8:00 AM using an automatic glucometer (OneTouch Verio, Life scan). Fasting Insulin levels were determined in plasma samples after sacrifice, by a sandwich Insulin ELISA (Mercodia, Cat #10-1247-01) according to the manufacturers’ instructions.
4
Glucose Tolerance Test in Mice
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At week 14 (2 weeks after supplementation but prior to infection), mice were fasted for 6 h during early morning, and a glucose tolerance test was performed. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 300 mg/kg glucose in 0.9% NaCl using U-100 insulin syringes (0.5 mL 30G × 5/16; Beckton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Tail vein blood glucose levels were then monitored before injection and at 15, 30, 90, 120 min postinjection using a OneTouch Verio glucometer and test strips (Lifescan, Milpitas, CA).
5
Blood Glucose and Ketone Monitoring
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Blood glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were quantified in venous blood samples with enzyme-based reagent strips using a Glucometer and a Ketometer (OneTouch Verio, LifeScan Inc., Burnaby, BC, Canada), respectively. Blood samples were obtained by incision of the tail vein with a lance. 2 µL samples were drawn before (t = 0) and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 180, and 240 min after ketone or NaCl administration. Measurements were performed by researchers without knowing the treatment group.
6
Normoglycemic Diabetes-Prone Rat Breeding
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Breeding pairs of normoglycemic diabetes-prone (BBDP-N) rats were obtained from the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and further bred in the conventional animal facility of the KU Leuven, Belgium. Rats were housed on a 12 h light/dark cycle with ad libitum access to drinking water and standard chow. Glycemia was measured on tail blood weekly using a OneTouch®Verio® glucometer (LifeScan, Diegem, Belgium) and only rats remaining normoglycemic throughout the study were included in the results analysis.
7
HFFD Effects on Glucose Metabolism
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To examine the effects of HFFD on glucose metabolism and insulin response, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed, at the beginning and end of the protocol. After an overnight fasting, cannulation of the auricular vein (24 G, Vasofix®) was performed under local anesthesia (EMLA cream; 2.5% lidocaine, 2.5 prilocaine). An intravenous glucose solution (0.6 g/kg body weight) was then injected. Blood samples were taken and glucose was measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min, post glucose injection. Blood glucose levels were measured using one drop of whole blood, from the marginal ear vein via a glucose meter (ONETOUCH®VERIO®; © 2012 LifeScan, Inc.). Samples were stored on ice and centrifuged (10000g, 15 minutes, 4°C) to later measure plasma insulin concentrations using rabbit insulin ELISA kit (Crystal Chem High Performance Assays, USA). The area under the curves (AUCGlu and AUCIns) were calculated using GraphPad PRISM® software (version 8.1). Meanwhile, Homeostasis Model Assessment of basal Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated using the following equation: [(fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) x fasting plasma insulin (μU/ml))/22.5] [31 (link)].
8
Isoflurane-Facilitated Tail-Tip Blood Glucose Measurement
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Blood glucose level was measured from tail-tip blood using a blood glucose meter (OneTouch Verio, LifeScan. Inc., CA) under 0.8–1.0% isoflurane anesthesia.
9
Intraperitoneal Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests
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For intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT), animals were subjected to an overnight fasting (14 h food withdrawal). For intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (ipITT), mice were fasted for 4 h. Either glucose (2 g/kg body weight) or human normal insulin (0.75 U/kg body weight) were injected intraperitoneally at 0 (prior to glucose or insulin administration) and blood was collected from the tail vein at different time points (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 150). Plasma glucose was measured using an automatic glucometer (OneTouch Verio, Life scan).
10
Glycemic Response to Isomaltulose and Sucrose
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Blood glucose levels were measured using OneTouch Verio (LifeScan Europe, Johnson & Johnson, Sug, Switzerland). OneTouch Verio uses a finger prick to collect a blood sample via test strips which are accurate and precise over a wide range of patients and environmental and pharmacologic conditions [20 (link)]. After a 10–12 h overnight fast period, two fasting blood drops were collected 5 min apart. If the difference between the two fasting blood glucose levels was more than 0.2 nmol/L, a third blood drop was collected. Then, participants were randomly given a test beverage with either a low (isomaltulose) or a high (sucrose) glycemic index. Then, 50 ± 0.01 g of sucrose (Kristalsuiker, Delhaize, Brussels, Belgium) or isomaltulose (Palatinose™, provided by BENEO, Brussels, Belgium) was measured on a calibrated electronic laboratory scale (AX124, Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany) and dissolved in 250 ± 0.1 mL of plain drinking water measured out with volumetric laboratory equipment. Afterward, blood glucose levels were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after consumption of the beverages. The first two drops of blood were discarded, and the third drop was used for testing. The same procedure was applied during the first and second assessment sessions.
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