The MBC was measured through a chloroform fumigation-extraction method49 , and the MBC concentration in the extracted solutions was measured with a TOC Analyzer (Shimadzu, TOC-Vcph, Japan). WSOC was extracted from 20 g of fresh soil with the addition of 40 ml of deionized water, and the mixture was agitated for 0.5 h at 250 rpm at 25 °C, and centrifuged for 10 min. at 15,000 rpm. Subsequently, the supernatant liquid was filtered through a 0.45 mm membrane33 . The WSOC in the extracts was measured by a Shimadzu TOC Analyzer. ROC was measured using a KMnO4 oxidation procedure and a spectrophotometer50 .
Toc analyzer
Manufactured by Shimadzu
Sourced in Japan
The TOC analyzer is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content in a sample. It provides a quantitative analysis of organic carbon present in water, soil, or other materials. The core function of the TOC analyzer is to determine the concentration of organic carbon in a sample through a combustion process and subsequent detection of the resulting carbon dioxide.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ics 900, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Uv 1800, by Shimadzu (2 mentions)
Prestige 21 ftir spectrometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
D8 advance x ray diffractometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Hp 8453, by Hewlett-Packard (1 mentions)
Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
Membrane filter, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Uv 2600 spectrophotometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Fluorescence spectrometer, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Eclipse plus, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Optima 2000 dv, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
High performance liquid chromatography (hplc), by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Lcms 8030, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Ph meter, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Fp628 analyzer, by Leco (1 mentions)
761 compact ic, by Metrohm (1 mentions)
Aviotm 200, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Eclipse xdb c18 column, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Icp oes, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Millex ha filter, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
54 protocols using toc analyzer
1
Soil Organic Carbon Fractions Quantification
2
Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol
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An immersed UV lamp (10 W 254 nm) was used in the experiment. The intensity of light irradiation was 202 μW cm−2, which was measured with a radiometer (Vilber-Lourmat) at 254 nm. The reaction temperature kept 25 ± 1 °C. The effects of initial phenol concentration, reaction time and dosage of H2O2 on the removal of TOC and phenol degradation were examined. Phenol and its degradation products were determined using a 15C HPLC with an SPD-15C UV-vis detector and an Inertsil/WondaSil C-18 reverse-phase chromatographic column (Shimadzu, Japan). The mobile phase was a mixture of water and acetonitrile (60 : 40, v/v) at 1 mL min−1. The detection wavelength was 210 nm. TOC was measured using a Shimadzu TOC analyzer. FT-IR spectrum was recorded using an IR Prestige-21 FT/IR spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan) over the 400–4000 cm−1 wavenumber range. The UV spectrum was determined using a TU-1810 PC UV-vis spectrophotometer. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was obtained using a Bruker D8 ADVANCE X-ray diffractometer at 40 kV and 40 mA in the range of 2θ = 3–40° at a rate of 0.02° s−1. The thermal stability of the sample was performed using thermogravimetry (TG) methods from room temperature to 800 °C, which was conducted by a TGA Q50 in a nitrogen stream, with a scanning rate of 10 °C min−1. All reagents were analysis grade.
3
Sediment Physicochemical Characterization
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The sediment samples were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 30 min at room temperature, and the supernatant sediment pore water was filtered through a 0.45 μm Millipore filter. The pH and salinity of the sediment pore water were measured using a YSI Professional Plus handheld multi-parameter water quality meter (Yellow Springs Instrument Company, United States). The concentrations of ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3–), and nitrite (NO2–) were measured by using UV-visible spectrophotometer HP 8453 (Hewlett-Packard, United States) at wavelengths of 220–275, 540, and 420 nm, respectively. Ion chromatography was employed for the detection of chloridion (Cl–), sulfate (SO42–), calcium (Ca2+), and potassium (K+) (Thermo Fisher, United States). The total organic carbon (TOC) of each sample was determined by a TOC analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan) with a detection limit of 0.1 mg/L. Sediment samples were processed as previously described (Shuqing et al., 2010 ), and sediment particle size was measured using a Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer (Malvern Instruments, United Kingdom).
4
Quantifying Particulate Organic Carbon
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GF/F filters were pre-combusted at 400 • C for 4 h and kept in a dry and clean environment prior to the expedition. Water samples were pre-filtered through 80 µm plankton mesh to avoid large particles that could block the filter and which are not utilized by sponges. Duplicates of ∼4 L from the two Niskin bottles were filtered on each mesophotic expedition, at three consecutive days for each expedition. In the shallow water, duplicates of ∼3 L were filtered at least once a month. As GF/F filters can become blocked with particles, the exact amount of water filtered was documented to obtain an accurate estimation of the POC concentration (Morganti et al., 2016) (link). Filters were frozen immediately after filtration, and at least 24 h before analysis, the filters were dried in an oven (60 • C). Samples were then analyzed using a TOC analyzer (Shimadzu Instruments), where the Carbon is oxygenized at high temperatures (800-900 • C) to create CO 2 . The CO 2 creates a signal which is then detected by Infra-Red sensors. The surface of that signal is proportional to the amount of Carbon.
5
Phycoremediation of Domestic Wastewater
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Wastewater samples were collected from domestic wastewater treatment plant located on the main campus of University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (1º51'13.938" N 103º5'12.679" E).
The samples were collected using a sterilized bucket and transferred into 10L bottles and kept in a cold room (4C) prior to the commencement of the phycoremediation study. Water quality parameters such as phosphates; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); total organic carbon (TOC); total carbon (TC); inorganic carbon (IC); total nitrogen (TN); and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed before and after phycoremediation to determine the reduction of nutrients and other pollutants contained in the wastewater. Therefore, phycoremediation efficiency was calculated using Equation 1 accordingly. A and B are initial and final concentration, respectively. Analysis of BOD and phosphate followed the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 2012), while COD was conducted using DR6000 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer -Hach (Method 8000). TOC, TC, IC, and TN were analyzed using TOC Analyzer (Brand: TOC-VCSH, Japan, Shimadzu). Before the treatment process, the domestic wastewater samples were filtered using a membrane filter (Whatman) with a 0.45µm pore size to remove other microorganisms and suspended solids (Gani et al. 2016) .
The samples were collected using a sterilized bucket and transferred into 10L bottles and kept in a cold room (4C) prior to the commencement of the phycoremediation study. Water quality parameters such as phosphates; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); total organic carbon (TOC); total carbon (TC); inorganic carbon (IC); total nitrogen (TN); and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed before and after phycoremediation to determine the reduction of nutrients and other pollutants contained in the wastewater. Therefore, phycoremediation efficiency was calculated using Equation 1 accordingly. A and B are initial and final concentration, respectively. Analysis of BOD and phosphate followed the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 2012), while COD was conducted using DR6000 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer -Hach (Method 8000). TOC, TC, IC, and TN were analyzed using TOC Analyzer (Brand: TOC-VCSH, Japan, Shimadzu). Before the treatment process, the domestic wastewater samples were filtered using a membrane filter (Whatman) with a 0.45µm pore size to remove other microorganisms and suspended solids (Gani et al. 2016) .
6
Soil Physico-Chemical Analysis Protocol
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Soil physico-chemical variables were presented by Samaritani et al. (2011) . Soil texture (sand; silt; clay) was measured on dried samples using the pipette method (Gee and Bauder, 1986) . The percentage of total organic carbon (TOC) of dried, homogenized soils was measured using a TOC analyzer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) after HCl (10%) acid digestion to remove carbohydrates. Total carbon and nitrogen contents were measured using an automatic element analyzer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The Olsen P method was used as a proxy of available P (Kuo, 1996) . Soil temperature (T) at 5 cm depth was continuously measured during this study in each plot at 30 min resolution with TidBit v2 temperature loggers (Bourne, MA, USA). Soil Moisture (SM) was estimated at each sampling time by measuring the weight loss upon drying 20 g of fresh soil at 105 � C for 24 h. See Samaritani et al. (2011) for further details about the measurements of soil conditions.
7
Rhizosphere Tailings Characterization
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Rhizosphere tailings were analyzed for pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and electrical conductivity (EC). Each rhizosphere sample was sieved at 2 mm and dried at 65°C for 72 h. The pH and EC were measured on the aqueous phase of a 1:2 mass ratio paste of tailings to ultrapure DI water (18.2 MΩ, Milli-Q) that was mixed for 30 min prior to measurement. The pH was measured in the homogenized paste and the EC was determined from the supernatant after the substrate was allowed to settle for 10–15 min. Analyses of TOC and TN were performed on milled subsamples of the dried rhizosphere material (Shimadzu TOC analyzer, Columbia, MD, United States) using a solid state module (SSM), which utilizes a dry combustion under oxygen with detection by a non-dispersive infrared gas analyzer (NDIR) for total carbon and chemoluminescence for TN.
8
Photochemical Characterization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances
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EPS solutions at 15 mg C L−1 were placed in quartz tubes and irradiated with a UVA-313 lamp at an irradiance of 50 W m−2 for a illumination time of 0–48 h. The temperature in the reactor was maintained at about 20 °C by cooling water. Samples with different illumination times were collected and stored at 4 °C for the next step of analysis. The EPS after photoconversion is recorded as EPSUV, including S-EPSUV, LB-EPSUV, TB-EPSUV.
Concentrations of the EPS were quantified using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan). The elemental compositions of the EPS were detected via an elemental analyzer (Elementar Analysensyteme GmbH, Germany). UV-vis absorption spectra of EPS were collected using a UV-2600 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). Fluorescence excitation (Ex)–emission (Em) matrix (EEM) spectra of EPS were scanned using a fluorescence spectrometer (Hitachi, Japan). The SF spectra were obtained in the wavelength range of 220–550 nm with a constant offset (Δλ = 60 nm), and the scan interval was 1 nm and the scan speed was 600 nm min−1.
Concentrations of the EPS were quantified using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan). The elemental compositions of the EPS were detected via an elemental analyzer (Elementar Analysensyteme GmbH, Germany). UV-vis absorption spectra of EPS were collected using a UV-2600 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). Fluorescence excitation (Ex)–emission (Em) matrix (EEM) spectra of EPS were scanned using a fluorescence spectrometer (Hitachi, Japan). The SF spectra were obtained in the wavelength range of 220–550 nm with a constant offset (Δλ = 60 nm), and the scan interval was 1 nm and the scan speed was 600 nm min−1.
9
Quantitative Analysis of Metals by ICP-MS
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Total organic carbon analysis was performed using a TOC analyzer from Shimadzu (Paris, France). The metal concentrations were determined by ICP-MS using an Agilent Technologies 7700x instrument. The samples were pre-digested with HNO 3 to avoid any interference from organic carbon during the analysis. A flux of He was injected in a collision cell to remove interferences. Quantitative analyses were performed using a conventional external calibration procedure (seven external standard multi-element solutions, Inorganic Venture, USA). Rhodium-rhenium was added on-line as an internal standard at a concentration of 300 ppb to correct for instrumental drift and possible matrix effects.
Calibration curves were calculated from the intensity ratios of the internal standard and the analyzed elements. The international geostandard SLRS-4 was used to control the accuracy and reproducibility of the measurement procedure. The instrumental error of metal analysis was below 3%. The metal concentrations in the blanks were lower than the detection limits, and thus, no correction was needed.
Calibration curves were calculated from the intensity ratios of the internal standard and the analyzed elements. The international geostandard SLRS-4 was used to control the accuracy and reproducibility of the measurement procedure. The instrumental error of metal analysis was below 3%. The metal concentrations in the blanks were lower than the detection limits, and thus, no correction was needed.
10
Analytical Methods for Diazinon Determination
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The potassium iodide (KI) method was used for determining the utilized ozone dosage.47 The diazinon concentration was measured via HPLC (Agilent 1260, Santa Clara, CA) using a C18 column (10 cm length and an inside diameter of 4.6 mm, Eclipse Plus, Agilent) with a UV detector at 254 nm. A 65 : 35 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile and water was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. TOC measurements were carried out using a TOC analyzer (Shimadzu, TOC analyzer, VCSH model). The COD concentration measurements were performed using the closed reflex method.47 Intermediate analysis was performed using GC/MS apparatus (Agilent 6890-5973N) equipped with a HP-5 MS capillary column (30 m length, 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 μm thickness). Helium at a constant flow rate of 1 mL min−1 was used as the carrier gas. The MS interface temperature was 280 °C and the ion source temperature was 230 °C. The oven temperature program was as follows: 1.2 min at 40 °C; 4.2 °C min−1 to 50 °C; 16.7 °C min−1 to 80 °C (1.2 min).
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