Toluene

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, India, France, Sweden, New Zealand, China

Toluene is a colorless, flammable liquid chemical compound with a distinctive benzene-like odor. It is commonly used as a solvent and in the production of various chemical products.

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Lab products found in correlation

317 protocols using toluene

Synthesis of PLA-based Copolymers

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The monomers l-and d-lactide
(Boehringer Ingelheim, France) were purified by recrystallization
three times in dry toluene, and ε-caprolactone (Acros, Belgium)
was dried for 48 h over calcium hydride and distilled under reduced
pressure. Ethylene glycol (EG; Sigma-Aldrich, Sweden) and n-heptanol (Sigma-Aldrich, Belgium) were used as the initiators,
which was dried over molecular sieves, and stannous 2-ethylhexanoate
(Sn(Oct)₂; 95%, Sigma-Aldrich, Sweden) was used as the
catalyst in the polymer synthesis. The solvents, i.e., heptane (Fisher
Scientific, Sweden), toluene (Fisher Scientific, Sweden) and chloroform
(Fisher Scientific, Sweden), were used as received. Commercially available
extrusion-grade PLA (NatureWorks 4043D) with 4.8% d-lactide
isomer content, M_n = 219 × 10⁵ Da and Đ = 1.89,
as determined from SEC analysis, was used as received.

Arias V., Odent J., Raquez J.M., Dubois P., Odelius K, & Albertsson A.C. (2016). Toward “Green” Hybrid Materials: Core–Shell Particles with Enhanced Impact Energy Absorbing Ability. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 4(7), 3757-3765.

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Spore Hydrophobicity Quantification

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The method was adapted from Liauw et al.^{24 (link)} Spores were harvested from 7 day old PDA plates, washed twice with PBS and adjusted to a concentration of 2 × 10⁷ per ml in 500 μl PBS in glass vials. Toluene (500 μl; Fisher Scientific Ltd) was then added to the spore suspension and vortexed for 90 seconds prior to static incubation for 30 minutes at 37 °C to allow for phase separation of the largely immiscible Toluene-water mixture. A 100 μl aliquot of the aqueous phase was removed and the spore concentration in this sample determined by counting with a haemocytometer. This final spore concentration (after Toluene extraction) was subtracted from the initial spore concentration and the result divided by the initial spore concentration and multiplied by 100 to give the percentage of total spores that partitioned with the hydrophobic phase, thus giving the spore hydrophobicity (%) as described.^{24 (link)}

Crawford L.A., Cuzzucoli Crucitti V., Stimpson A., Morgan C., Blake J., Wildman R.D., Hook A.L., Alexander M.R., Irvine D.J, & Avery S.V. (2023). A potential alternative to fungicides using actives-free (meth)acrylate polymers for protection of wheat crops from fungal attachment and infection. Green Chemistry, 25(21), 8558-8569.

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Electrochemical Detection of Menadione

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Polysorbate 20 (Acros, >95%), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; Fisher, ≥ 99%), 1-butanol (Fisher, 99.98%), toluene (Fisher, 99.9%), potassium nitrate (Fisher, ≤ 3ppm heavy metals, iron), ferrocene (Alfa Aesar, 99%), and menadione (MP Biomedicals, ≥ 98%) were used as received. Chemical structures of surfactants and electroactive species are shown in Figure 1.

Barth B.A., Imel A., Nelms K.M., Goenaga G.A, & Zawodzinski T. (2022). Microemulsions: Breakthrough Electrolytes for Redox Flow Batteries. Frontiers in Chemistry, 10, 831200.

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Synthesis of Siloxane-Containing Polymers

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Methyl methacrylate (MMA, 99%) was obtained
from Thermo Fisher Scientific and purified using a basic alumina column
to remove inhibitor. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), anisole, toluene, acetone,
and isopropanol were purchased from Fisher Scientific and used as
received. Monomethacryloxypropyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane)
(MCR-M17, M_n = 5000 g/mol, DP = 70, Đ = 1.15) was obtained from Gelest and purified using
basic alumina columns to remove inhibitor. Copper(I) bromide (CuBr,
99.999%), tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me₆TREN),
and ethylene bis(2-bromoisobutyrate) (2-BiB, 97%) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich and used as received.
No unexpected or unusually
high safety hazards were encountered.

Keith A.N., Vatankhah-Varnosfaderani M., Clair C., Fahimipour F., Dashtimoghadam E., Lallam A., Sztucki M., Ivanov D.A., Liang H., Dobrynin A.V, & Sheiko S.S. (2020). Bottlebrush Bridge between Soft Gels and Firm Tissues. ACS Central Science, 6(3), 413-419.

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Synthesis of m-carborane-1-thiol derivatives

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Methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate, m-carborane-1-thiol, benzene-d₆, methanol-d₄ anhydrous diethyl ether, n-butyl alcohol, and Aliquat 336 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Toluene, n-propyl alcohol and Na₂SO₄ were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA) and K₂CO₃ was purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA). Ethanol (200 proof) and isopropyl alcohol were purchased from Pharmco Aaper (Brookfield, CT). All the solvents were used as received without further purification.

He T., Misuraca J.C, & Musah R.A. (2017). “Carboranyl-cysteine”—Synthesis, Structure and Self-Assembly Behavior of a Novel α-Amino Acid. Scientific Reports, 7, 16995.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Biofene-based Polymers

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Trans-β-farnesene,
known as Biofene (Far, ≥95%) was obtained from Amyris. Styrene
(St, ≥99%) monomer was purchased from Millipore Sigma. Isobornyl
methacrylate (VISIOMER Terra iBOMA) was obtained from Evonik. Monomers
were purified using 1.0 g of aluminum oxide (basic Al₂O₃, activated, Brockmann I) and 0.05 g of calcium hydride (CaH₂, ≥90%) per 50 mL of the monomer, which were used as
purchased from Millipore Sigma. 2-([tert-Butyl[1-(diethoxy-phosphoryl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]amino]oxy)-2-methylpropionic
acid or BlocBuilder was kindly provided by Arkema and modified with
an N-succinimidyl ester group by following a method
used in literature to synthesize 2-methyl-2-[N-tert-butyl-N-(1-diethoxyphosphoryl-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-aminoxy]-N-propionyloxysuccinimide or NHS-BlocBuilder (NHS-BB).^{44 (link)} 3-(((2-Cyanopropan-2-yl)oxy) (cyclohexyl)amino)-2,2-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanenitrile,
Dispolreg 007 (D7) was synthesized according to the method described
by Ballard et al.^{30 (link)} Toluene (≥99%),
methanol (MeOH, ≥99%), and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.9% HPLC
grade) were obtained from Fisher Scientific and used as received.
Deuterated chloroform (CDCl₃, 99.9% D) was purchased from
Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, USA, and used as received. DOWFAX
8390 was purchased for The Dow Chemical Company and used as purchased.
Hexadecane (99%) was used as purchased from Millipore Sigma.

Luk S.B, & Maríc M. (2021). Polymerization of Biobased Farnesene in Miniemulsions by Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization. ACS Omega, 6(7), 4939-4949.

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Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Polymers

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N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm), chlorodimethylsilane, methylmethacryloyl chloride, allyl bromide, 4-hydroxybenzophenonone, Pd/C, and magnesium sulfate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA, and were used without further purification. 1,4-Dioxane, diethyl ether, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), petroleum ether, n-hexane, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, methanol, and acetone were purchased from Fisher-Scientific, USA. Water used for swelling experiment was from Milli-Q-purification system with the product resistivity of 10–15 MΩ·cm (Millipore, Boston, MA). Silicon wafers (orientation [100], thickness 0.5 mm, and diameter 100 mm) were purchased from Silicon Valley Microelectronics.

Pandiyarajan C.K., Rubinstein M, & Genzer J. (2016). Surface-Anchored Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Orthogonal Gradient Networks. Macromolecules, 49(14), 5076-5083.

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Histological analysis of ovarian follicles

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On completion of the incubation period isolated follicles and fragments of cultured cortical tissue were fixed for 24 h in 10% neutral buffered formalin NBF and dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol (70, 90 and 100%). Absolute alcohol was removed and replaced with cedar wood oil (BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole, UK) for 24 h. The tissue was removed to toluene (Fisher Scientific UK Ltd, Loughborough, UK) for 30 min to ensure complete clearance of oil. Isolated follicles/cortical fragments were individually embedded in paraffin wax at 60°C for 4 h with hourly changes of wax to ensure complete removal of toluene. Isolated follicles and cortical fragments were cut into 6 µm sections, mounted on gelatin-coated slides and left to dry overnight prior to staining with haematoxylin and eosin. Uncultured tissue fragments collected from each biopsy were processed also for histological analysis using the same methodology.

McLaughlin M., Kinnell H.L., Anderson R.A, & Telfer E.E. (2014). Inhibition of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) in human ovary in vitro results in increased activation of primordial follicles but compromises development of growing follicles. Molecular Human Reproduction, 20(8), 736-744.

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Fabrication of Nanostructured Polymer Composites

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The composite materials were fabricated according to reported protocols.^25,26 (link) First, a 50% (w/w) solution of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) block copolymer (G1645, Kraton LLC) in toluene (Fisher Chemical) was spin-coated onto the silicon wafer-bound nanostructured Cu films. Next, the resulting nanostructured composites were heat-treated at 60 °C for 10 min. to remove any residual solvent. Last, the nanostructured composites with typical thicknesses of ∼30 μm were manually delaminated (detached) from the substrate as free-standing materials by means of an attached plastic frame. The composites lacking planar Cu layers were fabricated by chemically etching free-standing nanostructured composites with a 0.2% FeCl₃ solution (Fisher Scientific).³² (link) The composites lacking Cu nanostructures were fabricated from planar Cu layers on silicon wafers. The SEBS polymer matrices (films) were fabricated by spin-coating SEBS solutions directly onto clean silicon wafers. The composite materials obtained via these procedures were characterized with digital camera imaging, SEM imaging, tensile testing, infrared spectroscopy characterization, and stability testing.

Liu P., Leung E.M., Badshah M.A., Moore C.S, & Gorodetsky A.A. (2023). Structure–function relationships for squid skin-inspired wearable thermoregulatory materials. APL Bioengineering, 7(4), 046111.

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Superhydrophobic Fluorinated Silica Coatings

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Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, MW 1 300 000),
titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TiP, 97+%), and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS,
99+%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Yttrium(III) nitrate hexahydrate
(Y(NO₃)₃·6H₂O) was purchased
from Fluorochem. Acetic acid (AcOH) was purchased from Honeywell.
Ethanol (EtOH, ≥99.8% GC) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
For fluorinated coating, glutaraldehyde (GA, 50 wt % in water) and
1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PDTS) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. All reagents were used without further refinement.
For measuring the absorption capacities, acetone, hexane, dimethylformamide
(DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethyl acetate, dichloromethane (DCM),
and silicone oil were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Toluene and chloroform
were purchased from Fisher Scientific.

Dong S., Maciejewska B.M., Lißner M., Thomson D., Townsend D., Millar R., Petrinic N, & Grobert N. (2023). Unveiling the Mechanism of the in Situ Formation of 3D Fiber Macroassemblies with Controlled Properties. ACS Nano, 17(7), 6800-6810.

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