Ammonium hydroxide

For the preparation of solutions, ultrapure water (type I water) was utilized alongside analytical-grade reagents, including sodium hydroxide (Neon, Suzano, SP, Brazil); ammonium hydroxide (Vetec, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil); gelatin powder (Dinâmica, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil); copper acetate (Êxodo, Sumaré, SP, Brazil); hydrochloric acid (Vetec, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil); and sulfuric acid (Vetec, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil) for the preparation of some solutions. Alcoholic solutions were prepared using ethanol (Dinâmica, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil) combined with aluminum chloride (Dinâmica, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil); ferric chloride (Proquímios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil); quinine hydrochloride (Dinâmica, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil); and vanillin (Dinâmica, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil). Solvents such as hexane (Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany); methyl alcohol (Vetec, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil); and acetone (CRQ Química, Diadema, SP, Brazil) were also employed. Phytochemical screening utilized metallic magnesium shavings (Dinâmica, Indaiatuba, SP, Brazil); dried botanical material lavender and wormwood (Produtos Melvina, Goiânia, GO, Brazil); and oregano and sage (Produtos Gizele, Brasília, DF, Brazil), along with commercially procured bar soap.

The palygorskite clay used in this work was supplied by União Brasileira de Mineração S.A (UBM, Guadalupe, Piauí state, Brazil), presenting average diameters of 8.38 μm and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 21.96 meq/100 g. The sulfuric acid (Química Moderna, MM: 98.08 g·mol⁻¹, 98%) and the Praepagen WB^® (Clariant INC., São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil) were the reagents that used acid and organic functionalization, respectively. The Praepagen WB^® was made with distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (75% active substance whose solvent is water). The hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide (VETEC, Brazil) were used for pH adjustment. The sodium diclofenac (Fagron, 98.5%, internal lot 17H10-B021-022127) was the adsorbate used for the adsorption studies.

Acetone P.A 99.8%, chloroform P.A. 99.8%, dichloromethane P.A. 99.8% (DCM), dimethylformamide P.A 99.5%, dimethyl sulfoxide P.A 99.7%, ethanol P.A. 99.8% (EtOH), tetrahydrofuran P.A. 99.8% (THF), and toluene P.A. 99.0% were purchased from Merck (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The photoinitiator 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA) CAS:24650-42-8 was kindly donated by IGM resins (Valinhos, Brazil). Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃∙6H₂O), iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl∙4H₂O), and ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) were purchased from Vetec (Duque de caxias, Brazil). Folic acid (FA) 98%, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), methotrexate hydrate (MTX), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and enzyme Bromelain were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Cotia, Brazil). Cysteine hydrochloride 99.8% (Cys) was purchased from Gemini (Anápolis, Brazil). Novozym 435 (commercial lipase B from Candida Antarctica immobilized on cross-linked polyacrylate beads) was kindly donated by Novozymes, Brazil, A/S. Globalide (Gl) was a kind gift from Symrise (Cotia, Brazil), while ε-caprolactone (CL) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Cotia, Brazil). Globalide and ε-caprolactone were dried under vacuum for 24 h and kept in a desiccator over silica and 4 Å molecular sieves. Water was purified by a Milli-Q water purification system.