Dpi 81050

Biological particulate matter (PM), which is derived from pHrodo™ Red Staphylococcus aureus Bioparticles™ Conjugate for phagocytosis (A10010), was purchased from Invitrogen (Woltham, MA, USA). Oligomycin (ab141829), the PH domain inhibitor MiTMAB (ab120466) and OctMAB (ab120467) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). DPI (81050) was purchased from Cayman Chemical Co. (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). PerCP Cy5.5-conjugated anti-human CD11b (65–0112-U100) was purchased from Tombo Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA). Anti-mouse Ly6G particles (558111) were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Adenosine triphosphate ATP (017-21511) was purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan). The IKK inhibitor VII (401486) was purchased from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany). BAY 11-7085 (BML-EI279) was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA). LY294002 (#9901S) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). These inhibitors were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted in PBS before treatment. Bortezomib (7282) was purchased from Tocris (Minneapolis, MN, USA). MG-132 (474790) was purchased from Calbiochem. Bortezomib and MG-132 were dissolved in ethanol and diluted in PBS before treatment.

Idebenone (15475), mito-TEMPO (16621), and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI; 81050) were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). LPS (L2630) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC; A0905) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. (Tokyo, Japan). The following antibodies were used for Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses: β-actin (sc-47778), SOD1 (sc-11407), SOD2 (sc-30080), Catalase (sc-50508), and α-tubulin (sc-8035) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA); iNOS (13120s), COX-2 (12282s), TNF-α (3707s), IL-1β (12242s), IκBα (4812s), p-IκBα (2859s), IKKβ (2370s), p-IKKβ (2078s), p65 (8242s), p38 (8690s), p-p38 (4511s), JNK (9252s), p-JNK (4668s), ERK (4695s), p-ERK (4370p), AKT (4691s), and p-AKT (4060s) (Cell Signaling Technology Co., Danvers, MA, USA); and Lamin A (ab26300) (Abcam Ltd., Cambridge, UK). Permount was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Morris Plains, NJ, USA).