Calcein am

Cell viability was determined with cell viability detection kit [(Calcein AM, propidium iodide (PI)] (MA0361, Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China). In brief, cells were harvested, washed with PBS twice, centrifuged and resuspended in 200 μL of binding buffer. The cells were treated with Calcein AM (2 μM) and PI (8 μM), followed by the addition of 300 μL binding buffer. Flow cytometer was finally adopted to detect cell viability at an excitation wavelength of 488 nm.

Indole‐3‐propionate acid (IPA) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Alginate sodium was purchased from Alta Aesar. Resistant starch (RS) was purchased from Yuanyebio. Chitosan, acetic acid, phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride (NaCl) and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Aladdin. Nile blue chloride and FITC fluorescence marked polystyrene microspheres (100 nm) were purchased from Dae Technology Co., Ltd. Calcein‐AM and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were purchased from Meilunbio. Cell counting kit‐8 (CCK8) was purchased from Dojindo. TNF‐α and IL‐6 antibodies for immunohistochemistry were purchased from Servicebio. Mice were provided by Ziyuan Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. Occult fecal blood assay kit was purchased from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.

PLL (molecular weight, 15–30 kDa) and 4',6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) were purchased from Sigma (Taufkirchen, Germany), and PLL was dissolved in double‐distilled water at 5 mg/ml as a stock solution. High glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), Opti‐MEM medium and Lipofectamine 2000 were obtained from Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, CA, USA). 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was obtained from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labelled oligodeoxynucleotide (FITC‐ODN), 21 nucleotides with a random sequence, was purchased from RiboBio (Guangzhou, China). Calcein‐AM was purchased from Meilunbio (Dalian, China). The luciferase assay system (E1501) and pGL3‐Control plasmids (Photinus pyralis luciferase under the control of the SV40 promoter) were obtained from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). pCMV‐N‐EGFP plasmid was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The BCA protein assay kit was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Rochester, NY, USA).