Dulbecco s modified eagle medium dmem

All chemicals, reagents, and standards used were analytical or LC-MS-grade reagents. The water was treated in a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, Burlington, MA, USA) before use. Sunflower oil was purchased in a local market. Cordycepin (purity ≥ 95.0% HPLC) and adenosine (purity ≥ 99% HPLC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). For the o/w topical formulation, cosmetic-grade ingredients were used, such as Carbomer, Sodium Gluconate, Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-100 Stearate, Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides, Cetearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Ricinoleate, Phenoxyethanol, and Ethylhexylglycerin. All listed excipients were purchased from ACEF Spa (Fiorenzuola D’arda, Italy).
Immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) bought from Addexbio Technologies (San Diego, CA, USA) were preserved in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) that was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in 95% air, 5% CO₂, and a humidified atmosphere at 37 °C. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were preserved in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) supplemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in 95% air, 5% CO₂, and a humidified atmosphere at 37 °C.

McCoy’s 5A Modified Medium, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), foetal bovine serum (FBS) and a penicillin-streptomycin solution were purchased from Millipore Sigma (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Other cell culture reagents were purchased from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). 5-FU (cat. no. F6627), selegiline (cat. no. M003), entacapone (cat. no. SML0654), tolcapone (cat. no. SML0150), latrepirdine (cat. no. D6196), fluphenazine (cat. no. F4765), safinamide (cat. no. SML0025), carbidopa (cat. no. PHR1655), scopolamine (cat. no. S1013), Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT, cat. no. M5655) and sulforhodamine B (SRB, cat. no. S1402) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Benztropine (cat. no. 16214), thioridazine (cat. no. 14400), fluoxetine (cat. no. 14418) and artesunate (cat. no. 11817) were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Nepicastat (cat. no. 5037) and paclitaxel (cat. no. 1097) were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Mefloquine (cat. no. sc-211784) and chloroquine (cat. no. C6628) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Bromocriptine was used in tablets and diluted in water before stock preparation.

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), LPS (0.1~1 µg/mL), baicalein (25 µM), and other cell culture reagents were obtained from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Phospho-p38 MAPK Antibody (T180/Y182) (eBioscience 17-9078-42) and Mouse immunoglobulin G2b (IgG2b) kappa Isotype Control (eBioscience 12-4732-81) were obtained from Life Technologies Corporation (Carlsbad, CA, USA).