Ethanol

Benzoin, sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, ≥98.0%), 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride (4-NBC, 98%), methanol (MeOH, ≥99.8%), tetrahydrofuran (THF, ≥99.9%), N,N’-dimethylacetamide (DMAc, ≥99.8%), pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Korea (Seoul, Korea). Solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), chloroform (CHCl₃), and ethanol were purchased from Junsei Chemical Co (Tokyo, Japan). As for 4,4-Diphthalic anhydride (6-FDA, ≥98.0%) and 10% palladium on carbon (Pd/C), they were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. (TCI) (Tokyo, Japan). n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane were purchased from Samchun Pure Chemicals (Pyeongtaek, Korea). Celite 545, which is a kind of diatomite whose main component is silica and is used to separate a catalyst from the reaction mixture, and γ-butyrolactone were purchased from Daejung (Siheung, Korea). The deionized water used in the experiments was purified by a Direct-Q^®3 water purification system (EMD Millipore) (Busan, Korea). All purchased chemical reagents were used without further purification.

Methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol were purchased from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Potassium phosphate monobasic and dibasic, xanthine, xanthine oxidase, allopurinol, and hydrochloric acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA. Reagents including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), sodium acetate, acetic acid, 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), potassium peroxodisulfate, and dibutyl hydroxytoluene (BHT) were supplied by Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., Tokyo, Japan. Four bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Proteus mirabilis were provided by Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, MO USA. All chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Acrylamide, acetonitrile, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, bis-Acrylamide, benzamidine, Bradford solution, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate hydrate (CHAPS), 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), ferulic acid, fluorescein (FL), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, iodoacetamide, phenylisothiocyanate, syringic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Trolox, trifluoroAcetic acid, thiourea, urea, and vanillic acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetic acid, dipotassium phosphate, ethanol, hydrochloric acid, hexane, sodium hydroxide, monopotassium phosphate, methanol, and water were obtained from Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan), and 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinoprpane) dihydrochloride solution (ABAP) was purchased from Wako Chemicals (Richmond, VA, USA). Pharmalyte (pH 3.5–10) and IPG Dry Strips (pH4–10 NL, 24 cm) were purchased from Amersham Biosciences and from Genomine Inc. (Pohang-si, Korea), respectively. Porcine trypsin was obtained from Promega (Madison, WI, USA).

Trolox, quercetin, fluorescein (FL), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringaldehyde, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Monopotassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, ethanol, methanol, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, hexane, acetic acid, acetonitrile, and water were obtained from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), and 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinoprpane) dihydrochloride solution (ABAP) was purchased from Wako Chemicals Inc. (Richmond, VA, USA). HT-29, Caco-2, HeLa, and HepG2 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA). McCoy’s 5A, MEM, fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Welgene (Daegu, Korea). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) was purchased from HyClone Laboratories Inc., (South Logan, UT, USA). A MTT cell proliferation assay kit and a Cell Death Detection ELISA^plus kit were purchased from Roche Ltd., (Indianapolis, IN, USA). The p-AKT, p-53, PTEN, β-Actin, Bax, Bcl-XL, and Mcl-1 were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). ECL prime western blotting detection reagent was purchased from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Marlborough, MA, USA).