Atr ftir

Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used for monitoring the distillation (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Spectra were collected in the wavelength range from 4000–600 cm⁻¹. For each single spectrum, 16 scans were accumulated.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of different sample surfaces were observed using a Zeiss Auriga SEM/FIB crossbeam workstation (Jena, Germany). The chemical changes in the CNF were analyzed before and after modification via an attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (ATR-FTIR, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA, range from 600 to 4000 cm⁻¹ with 16 scans), and the degree of crystallinity was elucidated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) was used to analyze the CNF before and after modification.
As described in our previous study, the WCA of the sample surfaces was measured using a commercial contact angle meter (Shanghai Zhongchen JC2000D, China) with a rotatable sample platform that was able to measure the SA. The liquid droplets used for measurement exhibited a volume of 4–8 μL, and the average values of five measurements at different locations were obtained for each WCA or SA.

Attenuated total reflectance with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) (PerkinElmer Spectrometer, MA, USA) was used to investigate the structural composition of the electrospun PBz fiber sample before and after surface modification by ozone treatment. A portion of the fiber mat sample was directly analyzed in the ATR accessory without any sample preparation. All measurements were performed at the range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹ with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. The changes in surface chemical composition were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (VG Microtech MT-500 ESCA). Resolution of sub peaks was performed using the least-squares peak analysis software, XPS PEAK 95 version 3.0. The surface wettability of surface-modified and pristine ES-PBz fiber mats were measured by water contact angle meter (First Ten Angstroms (FTA) Model: FTA 1000 B) with water drops of about 5 μL at ambient conditions. The contact angle data were obtained from the average of three replicates using five measurements of mat samples.

The fibres and fragments visually identified with an optical microscope were analysed using ATR-FTIR (IR PerkinElmer Frontier, Akron, OH, USA). The instrumental parameters ranged from 4000 to 230 cm⁻¹, 16 scans accumulated and 4 cm⁻¹ of resolution.

Samples were analyzed through ATR-FTIR (PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, United States) to confirm the chemical characteristics on the surface. ATR spectra were recorded at a 4 cm⁻¹ resolution, and the recording range was 4,000–450 cm⁻¹.

The confirmation of polymerisation was determined using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR, Perkin Elmer), and samples were stored in a vacuum oven at 80 °C prior to testing. Samples were analysed at room temperature in the spectral range of 4000–650 cm⁻¹ with 4 scans per sample and a constant compression force of 80 N (n = 3). The confirmation of polymerisation was based on the disappearance of peaks at 815 cm⁻¹ and 1167 cm⁻¹ associated with C=CH and C–O bonding as was previously established [34 (link),35 (link)].