This approach ensured the surgical generalizability of the comparison between surgical and nonsurgical treatments and the expertise of the participating centers in the respective surgical technique. All surgeries were performed by a single senior shoulder-trained specialist in each center (M.T., L.L., M.S.).
In center 1, a mini-open double TightRope (Arthrex) stabilization was performed in 18 patients and 16 were treated nonsurgically. Center 2 used an arthroscopic double TightRope technique in 12 patients and had 9 patients undergo conservative treatment. Center 3 used the hook plate (DePuy Synthes) for surgical treatment in 11 patients and had 6 patients with nonsurgical treatment, whereas in center 4 an arthroscopic single TightRope device was applied in 10 patients and nonsurgical treatment was performed in 3 patients.