Tablets (n = 10) were weighed on a Sartorius BP 210 D analytical balance (Sartorius, Goettingen, Germany) and measured (diameter and thickness) using a digital caliper (Vogel, Kevelaer, Germany). The breaking force of the tablets (n = 10) was measured using the ERWEKA TBH 125D (ERWEKA, Langen, Germany), a hardness tester.
Tbh 125d
Manufactured by Erweka
Sourced in Germany
The TBH 125D is a laboratory equipment produced by Erweka. It is a tablet hardness tester designed to measure the force required to break or crush a tablet. The device provides accurate and reliable measurements of tablet hardness, which is an important quality control parameter for solid pharmaceutical dosage forms.
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Lab products found in correlation
5 protocols using tbh 125d
1
Tablet Weight, Size, and Hardness
2
Dynamic Compaction Analysis of Materials
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Benchtop single-punch Gamlen tablet press (GTP, series D, Gamlen TabletingLtd. Biocity Nottingham, UK) was used for dynamic compaction analysis of the investigated materials. Compacts detachment phase (detachment stress), and (iv) the friction force between die and tablet in the ejection process (ejection stress). After ejection, the caliper was used for out-of-die compact thickness measurements, while compact hardness and diameter were evaluated using the hardness tester (ErwekaTBH 125D, Erweka, Heusenstamm, Germany). Compact tensile strength σ was calculated using the Eq. 2:
(Eq. 2)
where F is the force applied for compact breaking,R is the compact diameter, and t is the out-of-die compact thickness. According to the calculated values of solid fraction, tensile strength and compaction pressure, tabletability, compressibility and compactibility profiles of the investigated samples were constructed (USP 40-NF 35, 2017).
Powders' compressibility was analyzed according to the Heckel equation:
Eq. 3:
where D is the relative density of materials, σ d is the applied compression pressure, K is the slope which is correlated to the plasticity of materials and A is an intercept.
(Eq. 2)
where F is the force applied for compact breaking,R is the compact diameter, and t is the out-of-die compact thickness. According to the calculated values of solid fraction, tensile strength and compaction pressure, tabletability, compressibility and compactibility profiles of the investigated samples were constructed (USP 40-NF 35, 2017).
Powders' compressibility was analyzed according to the Heckel equation:
Eq. 3:
where D is the relative density of materials, σ d is the applied compression pressure, K is the slope which is correlated to the plasticity of materials and A is an intercept.
3
Characterization of 3D-Printed Pharmaceutical Printlets
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Three-D printed printlets were washed with 2-propanol to remove any uncured liquid formulation on the surface immediately after fabrication, then they were weighed and measured (diameter and thickness, n = 10) using a caliper. The breaking force of printlets (n = 10) was measured using a hardness tester Erweka TBH 125D (Erweka, Langen, Germany). Microscopic observations of placebo and optimal printlets were done under a polarized light microscope Olympus BX 51P (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Photos were acquired using cellSens Entry Version 1.14 software (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
4
Tablet Characterization: Mass, Dimensions, Hardness, and Tensile Strength
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Mass was determined on 20 tablets, while dimensions (digital caliper, Vogel Germany GmbH & Co. KG, Kevelaer, Germany) were measured on 10 tablets for each formulation. Hardness was estimated on 10 tablets per formulation using a hardness tester (TBH 125D, Erweka, Langen, Germany), and tensile strength was calculated according to the following equation [36 (link)]:
In the previous equation, σx is the tensile strength, F is the tablet breaking force, D is the diameter, and t is the thickness of tablets.
Statistical analysis was performed using PASW Statistics 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and a comparison of all raw data involved a normality and homogeneity test. A parametric one—way ANOVA was used when homogeneity and normality were found, with significance levels p < 0.05. Post hoc Tukey’s test was applied due to the same number of data in every group to determine between which formulations there was significant difference.
In the previous equation, σx is the tensile strength, F is the tablet breaking force, D is the diameter, and t is the thickness of tablets.
Statistical analysis was performed using PASW Statistics 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and a comparison of all raw data involved a normality and homogeneity test. A parametric one—way ANOVA was used when homogeneity and normality were found, with significance levels p < 0.05. Post hoc Tukey’s test was applied due to the same number of data in every group to determine between which formulations there was significant difference.
5
Tablet Hardness and Tensile Strength
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Tablet hardness was evaluated using tablet hardness tester (Erweka TBH 125D, Heusenstamm, Germany). Tensile strength (T, MPa) was calculated using the formula devised by Fell and Newton 34 :
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