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27 protocols using tcs sp laser scanning confocal microscope

1

Evaluation of LC3B Expression Using Immunofluorescence

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Immunofluorescence was conducted to evaluate the expression of LC3B. The cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 min at room temperature and then incubated with anti-LC3B rabbit antibodies (cat. no. ab48394, 1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) overnight at 4°C. The cells were then incubated with Alexa Fluor® 594-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (cat. no. ab150080; 1:1,000; Abcam) for 1 h at room temperature. The nuclei of ells were then counterstained with DAPI for 10 min at room temperature. A Leica TCS-SP laser scanning confocal microscope was used to capture the photomicrographs in five optical fields per sample.
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2

Quantitation of Bru and HA in Ovarian Nurse Cells

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Ovaries were processed for imaging as described [26 (link)], with an alternate protocol for detection of Bru [57 (link)]. Primary antibodies were used at the following dilutions: mouse anti-HA (Covance), 1:1000; rat anti-Bru, 1:500. Secondary antibodies, used at 1:800, were Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse (Invitrogen) and Cy5 goat anti-rat. DNA was stained with TO-PRO-3 Iodide (642/661, Invitrogen) diluted 1:1000. Samples were mounted in Vectashield (Vector Labs) and analyzed with a Leica TCS-SP laser scanning confocal microscope. Quantitation of GFP levels was done using the Macnification software from images obtained using a single plane of focus. The average green fluorescence was sampled from four different regions in the nurse cell cytoplasm of each of 10 to 11, stage 5 or 6 egg chambers.
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3

Immunohistochemistry of Amyloid-Beta

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Tissues and macrophage cultures were stained with primary mouse anti-CD68 and Rb anti-Aβ; nuclei with DAPI; secondary donkey anti-mouse Alexa fluor 488 and donkey anti-Rb Alexa fluor 568 (In Vitrogen). The preparations were examined in Olympus BX60 microscope or Leica TCS SP laser scanning confocal microscope (Heidelberg, Germany).
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4

RNA-Protein Co-Localization in Embryos

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RNA-protein double staining was modified from (Lécuyer et al., 2008 (link)). Briefly, early-stage embryos were dechorionated with bleach and fixed with paraformaldehyde/heptane mix for 20 min. The embryos were post-fixed two times, and then incubated with RNA probe overnight. After washing steps, the embryos were incubated with the mouse anti-GFP (Santa Cruz) diluted at 1:200 for 2 hr, followed by incubation with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse (Invitrogen) diluted at 1:800 for 1 hr. After washing the embryos were incubated with 1/50 diluted Cy5 tyramide (PerkinElmer) for 30 min and mounted on slides with Vectashield Mounting Medium (Vector Labs), and imaged with Leica TCS-SP laser scanning confocal microscope. Assignment of fluorescence signal intensity was the same as for ovary staining.
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5

Immunofluorescence Evaluation of LC3 Expression

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The expression of LC3 was evaluated using an immunofluorescence method. In brief, the cells were collected, fixed, and permeabilized. Then cells were incubated with anti-LC3B antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) at 4°C overnight and were incubated with a corresponding secondary antibody at room temperature for 1 h. DAPI was used for counterstaining the nucleus. Pictures were taken by using a Leica TCS-SP laser scanning confocal microscope.
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6

Evaluation of NF-κB Expression by Immunofluorescence

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Immunofluorescence was conducted to evaluate expression of NF-κB. Briefly, the
cells were fixed, permeabilised and then incubated with anti-NF-κB Ab (Abcam)
overnight at 4°C following by incubation with corresponding secondary Ab for 1 h
at room temperature. DAPI was used for staining the nucleus. A TCS-SP laser
scanning confocal microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) was used to take the
photomicrographs.
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7

In Situ Hybridization of Ovary Samples

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In situ hybridization with ovary samples was performed as described [32 (link)]. Fluorescent RNA probes for osk and GFP were synthesized using the DIG RNA labeling mix (Roche). Samples were mounted on slides with Vectasheild Mounting Medium (Vector Labs), and imaged with the Leica TCS-SP laser scanning confocal microscope.
For RNase protection assays, RNA was isolated from 3–4 day old females using Tri Reagent-LS (Molecular Research Center) as per the manufacturers instructions followed by phenol/chloroform extraction. Assays were performed using the RPA III Kit (Ambion). Following electrophoresis of products in denaturing gels, signals were detected by phosphorimaging with the Typhoon laser scanner (GE Healthcare) and quantitated using Image J. At least three assays were performed for each transgene.
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8

Fluorescence-based Protein Localization Protocol

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Sample preparation and antibody staining were performed as described (Kim-Ha et al., 1995 (link); Reveal et al., 2010 (link)). TO-PRO-3 Iodide (Invitrogen)(1:1,000) was used to stain nuclei. Microscopy of all samples made use of a Leica TCS-SP laser scanning confocal microscope. For assignment of fluorescence signal intensity into classes (Figs. 2 and 4), all samples from a comparison group were fixed, stained and imaged in parallel, with gain and laser settings such that the signal from wild type samples was not saturated. All samples with intense posterior signal were placed in the “Strong” category. Samples in which the signal was detectable but clearly much weaker than normal were placed in the “Weak” category. If no posterior signal was detectable, the samples were placed in the “None” category.
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9

Optimizing Fluorescent Microscopy Imaging

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Fluorescent and bright field images were collected using an Olympus BX53 fluorescent deconvolution microscope (Olympus America Inc). Bright field images were taken for whole mount, Masson’s trichrome and Alcian blue. Images of Wnt1-cre;ROSAmT/mG cryosectioned tissues were obtained using a Leica TCS SP Laser Scanning confocal microscope. Brightness and contrast were optimized using Adobe Photoshop as needed. Fluorescent images were taken in single channels in grayscale for immunostaining. Images were then pseudocolored and brightness, contrast and histogram maximum/minimum levels were optimized for each channel individually as needed and then overlaid.
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10

Imaging Chlamydia-Infected Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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Approximately 5 × 104 MSCs were seeded on sterile coverslips in 12-well plates with incubation overnight at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5.0% CO2. Cells were then statically infected with Ctr D at MOI of 1–4 for 72 h. Infected and uninfected cells were fixed with 4% PFA for 30 min. The fixed cells were washed 3 times with PBS, permeabilized in a blocking buffer with 0.03% (w/v) Triton 100X and finally blocked using the blocking buffer [0.3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS]; permeabilization and blocking were done for 30 min each at RT. Cells were incubated with the primary antibodies diluted in 0.3% BSA for 60 min at RT against p27 (1:100, mouse, clone: G173–524, BD Pharmingen), C. trachomatis lipopolysaccharide (1:5000, Clone: CF6J12, Abcam Cambridge, UK) and the white DNA staining DAPI-127 (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany). Primary antibody-labeled cells were washed with PBS and treated for 60 min at RT with secondary fluorescent anti-rabbit Cy3 labeled (Red) (Goat, 1:100, Dianova) and Anti-mouse Cy2 labeled (green) (Goat, 1:100, Dianova) Abs diluted in 1% BSA. β-actin was stained with the red color dye phalloidin. The preparation was washed 3 times with PBS for 5 min each at RT. All samples were mounted onto glass slides using Mowiol and examined by a Leica TCS-SP laser scanning confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany).
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