Bisindolylmaleimide 1

Curcuma Longa Linn (powdered form) and lecithin (L-α-phosphatidylcholine) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The organic solvents such as toluene and dichloromethane were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from GE Healthcare (Logan, UT, USA). The following antibodies were obtained: c-Src, phospho-c-Src, PKC, phospho-PKC, JNK, phospho-JNK, p38, phospho-p38, ERK, phospho-ERK, IκBα, phospho-IκBα, NF-κBp65, phospho-NF-κBp65, Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and β-actin antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Paso Robles, CA, USA); The following reagents were obtained: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (Tocris, KOMA Biotech, Seoul, Korea) and 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′- dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (CM-H₂DCFDA) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). PP2, SP600125, Bisindolylmaleimide I, and Bay11-7082 were obtained from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). All other reagents did not show any critical cytotoxic effects by themselves.

Remdesivir (catalog no. SF-1193) was purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Go 6983 (catalog no. HY-13689), bisindolylmaleimide I (catalog no. HY-13867), enzastaurin (catalog no. HY-10342), sotrastaurin (catalog no. HY-10343), rottlerin (catalog no. HY-18980), and ebselen (catalog no. HY-13867) were purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE) (Shanghai, China).

Remdesivir (catalog no. SF-1193) was purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Go 6983 (catalog no. HY-13689), bisindolylmaleimide I (catalog no. HY-13867), enzastaurin (catalog no. HY-10342), sotrastaurin (catalog no. HY-10343), rottlerin (catalog no. HY-18980), and ebselen (catalog no. HY-13867) were purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE) (Shanghai, China).