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54 protocols using 24 well culture plate

1

Melanoma Cell Migration Assay

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The A375 and HT-144 melanoma cells were treated as reported with (Bu2Sn)2TPPS and (Bu3Sn)4TPPS or with DMSO for 72 h. After treatment, as previously reported [30 (link)], 1.6 × 104 of A375 and HT-144 melanoma cells were plated in serum-free medium in the inner chamber of a 24-well culture plate (Falcon, Bredford, MA, USA) with a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane (pore size, 8 μm; Falcon, Bredford, MA, USA) [31 (link)]. The lower wells were filled with RPMI supplemented with 10% FBS. After 16 h at 37 °C the cells in the upper chamber were removed with a cotton swab and the migrated cells attached to the lower surface of the transwell membrane were fixed for 20 min with 100% methanol and stained for 1h with 0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol. After staining, all the cells on the lower side of the filters were counted under phase contrast microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany).
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2

Tyrosinase Inhibition Assay Protocol

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Cells (5 × 105 cells/mL) were plated into a 24-well culture plate (BD Falcon, Bedford, MA, USA) and were allowed to grow overnight. The old media were replaced with new media, which was then treated with varying doses of PBLE (3, 10, and 30 μg/mL) or arbutin (10, 30, and 100 μg/mL). After 3 days, cells were washed with PBS, lysed using lysis buffer (1% tryptone in PBS, pH 6.8) at −4 °C and centrifuged at 10,000× g for 30 min at 4 °C to collect the supernatant as a source of tyrosinase (Tyr). A 96-well microplate (SPL, Pocheon, Korea) was first filled with phosphate buffer (100 mM; pH 6.5), with or without PBLE or arbutin. L-tyrosine (0.01 M) and mushroom tyrosinase (200 units/mL)/20 μg lysate were then added, and the mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 5 min. Dopachrome synthesis was measured at 490 nm, and the percentage inhibition was calculated using Equation (2).
EA % inhibition=1AbssampleAbscontrol× 100
where EA, Abscontrol, and Abssample are the enzyme activity, absorbance of the control, and absorbance of the sample, respectively. All samples were analyzed in triplicates [4 (link),26 (link)].
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3

Isolation and Culture of Rat Cerebrocortical Cells

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Mixed rat cerebrocortical cells containing neuronal and non-neuronal cells were separated from the brains of SD rat embryos at 17-days of gestation as described previously [29 (link),30 (link),31 (link)]. Briefly, cerebral cortices of the embryos were dissected and dissociated mechanically into single cells by trituration using fire-polished Pasteur pipettes. The isolated cells were plated in MEM supplemented with 5% FBS, 5% HS and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic agent at a density of 6 × 105 cells/well of a 24-well culture plate (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) or at a density of 6 × 106 cells per 35 mm culture dish (Corning, NY, USA) pre-coated with laminin and poly-l-lysine. For immunocytochemical staining experiments, cells were plated at a density of 3 × 105 cells per microscope cover glass (Marienfeld GmbH, Lauda-Königshofen, Germany), placed on each well of a 24-well culture plate. The cells were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air/5% CO2. At 7 days after plating, proliferation of non-neuronal cells was arrested by the addition of 10 μM cytosine arabinoside. All experiments were conducted at 10–12 days after plating.
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4

Melanin Inhibition Assay with PBLE and Arbutin

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Cells (5 × 105 cells/mL) were plated into a 24-well culture plate (BD Falcon, Bedford, MA, USA) and allowed to grow overnight. The old media were replaced with new media, which was then treated with varying doses of PBLE (3, 10, and 30 μg/mL) or arbutin (100 μg/mL). After 3 days, cells were washed with PBS and lysed with 1 N NaOH. A microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Finland) was used to measure the sample’s absorbance at 405 nm and the percentage of inhibition of melanin was calculated using Equation (3).
Melanin production % inhibition=ABA× 100
where A and B are the absorbance of cells lysate treated with and without PBLE or arbutin (positive control), respectively [4 (link)].
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5

Collagen Matrix Preparation for Cell Culture

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The collagen matrix was made as previously described [8 (link)] by mixing on ice: 444 μL of rat tail collagen type 1 (3.40 mg/mL, BD Biosciences, MA-USA), 64 μL of 10X DMEM, 128 μL of reconstitution buffer (RB) pH 8.15 [2.2 g NaHCO3, 0.6 g NaOH, and 4.766 g 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid in 100 mL dH2O], and 64 μL of FBS per well of 24-well culture plate (BD Falcon, NJ-USA). The pH was adjusted to 7.2–7.4 by using RB. Seven hundred μL of this collagen matrix mixture was layered uniformly in each well of 24-well culture plate. The matrix was allowed to polymerize for 1h in a humidified chamber at 37°C and then equilibrated with 1 mL of routine fibroblast culture medium.
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6

Endothelial Cell Migration Assay

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The lower chamber was a 24-well culture plate (BD Falcon, New Jersey, USA) containing 600 µL of the supernatants from the co-cultures. Inserts (upper chambers) membranes with 8.0 μm pore size (Costar, New York, USA) were then placed in the lower chambers as described before [19 (link)]. HDMECs (3×104 cells in 200 µL serum-free DMEM) were added to each upper chamber and incubated for 6 h. Non-migrating cells on the upper surface of the filter were removed with a cotton swab. Cells that migrated to the lower phase of the upper chamber were then fixed in methanol for 30 minutes and stained with crystal violet for 30 minutes at room temperature. Images were obtained via microscopy, and the cell number was quantified by counting the number of cells that migrated to the lower side of the filter using optical microscopes (LEICA DMi8) by 100× magnification. Six optical fields were counted for each assay. Each assay was conducted with three wells and similar experiments were repeated at least three times.
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7

Melanin Inhibition Assay with NNFE

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Cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 105 cells/mL into a 24-well culture plate (BD Falcon, Bedford, MA, USA) and left to grow overnight. The old media was substituted with fresh media and treated with various concentrations of NNFE. After incubation for 3 d, cells were rewashed with PBS, lysed using 1 N NaOH. The absorbance of the sample at 405 nm was measured with a microplate reader (VICTOR3, Perkin Elmer)9 . Inhibition of melanin biosynthesis (%) was estimated as follows: Inhibitionofmelaninproduction(%)=(AB)/A×100 where A and B is the absorbance of cells lysate treated with and without of NNFE or arbutin (positive control), respectively.
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8

3D Collagen Matrix Assay for Cardiac Fibroblasts

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Cardiac fibroblasts isolated from adult C57/BL6J mice were cultured to passage 2 and serum-starved overnight (16 hrs). Collagen matrix was prepared on ice by diluting a stock solution of rat 3.0 mg/ml collagen I (GIBCO Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA) with 2X MEM and distilled water for a final concentration of 1 mg/ml collagen. Cell suspensions in 2X MEM were mixed with collagen solution to achieve the final 3*105 cells/ml concentration. Subsequently, 500 µl of this suspension was aliquoted to a 24-well culture plate (BD Falcon, San Jose, CA) and allowed to polymerize at 37°C for 30 min. Following polymerization, pads were released from wells, transferred to 6-well culture plate (BD Falcon, San Jose, CA) and cultured in 0% FCS DMEM/F12 for 24 h. After 24h, the pictures of the plates were taken in Bio-Rad ChemiDoc Imager, and the area of each pad was measured using Image Pro software. After incubation, the pads were fixed in formalin and processed in paraffin for subsequent histological analysis. For growth factor stimulation experiments, the collagen pads were suspended in either serum free DMEM/F12 or with 10% fetal bovine serum, or TGF-β1 (1–50ng/ml), or bFGF (50 ng/ml) for 24 hours.
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9

Etoposide Cytotoxicity Assay in Cells

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5×103 cells were seeded into each well of a 24-well culture plate (BD Falcon) in 500 µl of medium. After 24 h, the wells were exposed to 1 µM etoposide for 12 h. After the drug was removed, cells were harvested immediately (0 h). Cell viability was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion. The same number of living cells was resuspended in fresh medium, and cells were cultured for 24, 48 or 72 h. They were then detached by adding 100 µl Trypsin-EDTA to each well; cells were then washed and re-suspended in 400 µl of medium. 20 µl of re-suspended cells were mixed with 20 µl of 0.4% solution of trypan blue dye (Life Technologies) for 1 min. Cells were immediately counted using a Neubauer microchamber with a light microscope. All counts were done using four technical duplicates of each sample. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each subculture.
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10

Mouse skin fibroblast culture and analysis

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Mouse back skin samples were sterilized with 70% ethanol and rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan), and then discs measuring 5 mm in diameter were punched out using a dermal punch (Nipro, Tokyo, Japan). The punched skin discs were placed into a 24-well culture plate (Falcon BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) and cultured with or without PAPLAL in α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM; Life Technologies Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Life Technologies Corporation), 100 units/mL of penicillin, and 0.1 mg/mL of streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) at 37°C in a humidified incubator under 5% CO2 and 20% O2. The number of outgrowing fibroblasts originating from the mouse skin discs was directly counted after 96 h culturing.
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