Osteopontin

Streptavidin-Peroxidase kit (Zhongshan, Beijing, China) was used according to the instructions. Polyclonal antibody EMMPRIN and MMP-9 (dilution 1:150, Abcam, UK) were applied. Osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN) (dilution 1:100, Bioss, China) were performed to determine the expression of these proteins in the alveolar bone healing. PBS was obtained as negative control.

A lentiviral vector containing the coding sequence of the visfatin gene was commercially sourced from Invitrogen (Shanghai, China). Recombinant human visfatin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Rabbit polyclonal anti-GAPDH was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Danvers, MA). Rabbit monoclonal anti-visfatin was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to α-smooth muscle cell actin and MMP-8 were both purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Rat anti–mouse monoclonal antibody for macrophages was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to phospho-NF-κB (p65) and phospho-IκBα were both purchased from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Danvers, MA). BAY11-7082 and SC-514, selective inhibitors of NF-κB, were both purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to smooth muscle-myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), 22 kDa smooth muscle protein (SM22α), smooth muscle calponin (SM-Calponin), smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (SM-MLCK), h-Caldesmon (h-CALD), Ki-67 and Osteopontin were all purchased from Bioss (Beijing, China). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also purchased from Bioss (Beijing, China).