Laminarin

Laminarin (Eisenia bicylis source) (Phaeophyceae) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Sodium alginate and fucoidan (Undaria pinnatifida source) (Phaeophyceae) were brought from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, United States). P. haitanensis polysaccharides (PHP) was prepared using a method previously reported by our research team (Qiu et al., 2020 (link); Yu et al., 2023 (link)). In brief, the decolorized and deproteinized P. haitanensis powder was boiled in a water bath at 90°C for 2 h after adding 10 times volume distilled water (w/v). Centrifugation was used to extract the mixture’s supernatant, which was then combined with three liters of 95% ethanol. Following centrifugation for isolation, the precipitate was dissolved in water, frozen in a −20°C freezer, and subjected to freeze-drying to obtain the PHP. Standard dextrans with molecular weight from 4.66 kDa to 496 kDa were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). _D-glucose, _L-cysteine hydrochloride, hemin, vitamin K₁ were procured from Solarbio Science & Technology (Beijing, China). Brain heart infusion (BHI) was brought from Hopebio (Qingdao, China). All other chemicals of analytical grade were acquired from XiLong Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China).