3 morpholinosydnonimine sin 1

3-Morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) and dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) probe were from ENZO Life Science Inc. (Farmingdate, NY, USA); Propidium iodide (PI), SYBR-14, and M540 and YoPro-1 probes were purchased from Molecular Probes (Leiden, The Netherlands); PNA-FITC and calcium ionophore A23187 were from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA); C11-BODIPY 581/591 (4,4-difluoro-5- (4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl)-4- bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoic acid)and JC-1 probes from Life Technologies Ltd (Grand Island, NY, USA); coulter isotone II diluent from Beckman Coulter Inc. (Brea, CA, USA); DC ™ Protein Assays and 2× Laemmli Sample Buffer from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). ECL detection kit and LIVE/DEAD™ Fixable Far Red Dead Cell Stain Kit (L10120) were from Thermo Scientific (Rockford, USA). Furthermore, the anti-phospho (Ser/Thr) PKA Substrate (#9624) and anti-phospho (Ser21/9) GSK3α/β (#9331) polyclonal antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Beverly, MA, USA); the anti-α-tubuline antibody (TU-02, #SC-8035) was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). All reagents used to prepare incubation media were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Pure crystalline PMM (paromomycin sulfate USP) was supplied from Gland Pharma, India. Resazurin, SNAP, Giemsa stain, and lipopolysaccharide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK). HOMEM medium, RPMI 1640, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, penicillin-streptomycin, glycine, and fetal calf serum were obtained from Invitrogen, Paisley, UK. SDM medium was custom made by Gibco, Paisley, UK. S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-d,l-penicillamine (SNAP) and 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) were purchased from Enzo Life Sciences, Exeter, UK. All other reagents were analytical grade.