Sdt q600

TGA investigated the thermal stability of the films using a thermogravimetric analyzer (SDT Q-600 TA Instruments, Artisan Technology Group, Champaign, IL, USA). The initial sample weight for each procedure was set at 5–8 mg. The samples were heated from 24 to 550 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min in a nitrogen atmosphere using a low flow rate of 200 mL/min.

The crystalline phase purity of the products was studied with X-ray Diffractometer (XRD, Bruker D8 Discover, USA) using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54 Å, with a scanning rate of 1 step/s and step size of 0.1 degrees/step). Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectra were measured at room temperature in the range of wavenumbers 4000–550 cm⁻¹ using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode in FTIR (Perkin Elmer Spectrum Two FTIR spectrometer, Germany) to evaluate the functional group present in the material. The materials elemental analysis and morphology change were observed using a Scanning electron microscope with a field-emission gun (Quanta 400 FEG, SEM, USA) attached with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The surface areas and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms were measured with IC-BET Micromeritics ASAP 2020 instrument at − 195.640 °C. The thermal behavior of the samples was studied by thermo-gravimetric analysis (SDTQ600-TA Instruments) in the range of 25–1000 °C in N₂ atmosphere using alumina as reference material. Laser diffraction particle size analyzer (Microtrac S3500, USA) was used to find the particle size and distribution of HAp. Distilled water was chosen as a dispersant for the particle size measurement, and the results were given as an equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) in volume %.

Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were done under synthetic air flow with a ramp of 10 °C/min on an SDT-Q600 TA Instruments apparatus (TA Instruments, Inc., New Castle, DE, USA); starting temperature 30 °C, final temperature 1000 °C. Fourier-transform infrared (FT–IR) spectra of products were recorded on an FTIR Spectrum RXI spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) using the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique; the spectra were scanned at a resolution of 1.0 cm^–1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out at 10^–6 Torr and 20 kV using a JSM-5900 microscope (Jeol Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) and an Oxford AZtec EDS detection system; solid samples were analyzed at the microscope without any previous treatment. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR–TEM) analysis was performed on a JEOL model JEM-2010 microscope (Jeol Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) with an acceleration voltage of 200 keV, 50-micrometer C2 aperture, spot size 1 and variable dose rate. Images were processed with Gatan Digital Micrograph software (Gatan, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, USA) and analyzed with ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA); samples were prepared by drop-casting 5 mg/mL solutions of GO derivatives in ethanol on formvar carbon film-covered square mesh copper grids and dried completely for 4 h at 298 K.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to measure changes in the mass loss and thermal behavior, respectively, of nanofiber scaffolds. Here, 8 mg of each sample was weighed on the analytical balance and placed in the cell of the SDT Q600-TA Instruments equipment. The parameters were set in a nitrogen atmosphere of 40 mL/min, and the analysis was performed in a temperature range of 28 °C to 700 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min.

Each membrane was subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TA Instrument Model DSC Q 20, New Castle, DE, USA under a nitrogen atmosphere over the temperature range of 25–550 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹. We evaluated the level of crystallinity and the glass transition for each membrane. The thermal properties of each membrane were investigated using a Perkin-Elmer differential scanning calorimeter (SDT Q600, TA Instruments-Waters LLC, New Castle, DE USA. Samples of ~8–10 mg were heated from ambient temperature to 120 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min.