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147 protocols using zetasizer nano s90

1

Characterization of Nanoparticle Morphology

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The morphology of the two types of NP was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM, JPK NanoWizard 3 AFM, by JPK Instruments (Bruker), Berlin, Germany.). The NPs were diluted and dispersed in MilliQ water. A drop of the suspension was placed on a clean glass surface glued to the AFM stub and air-dried for 1 h. The dried NPs were imaged by AFM (JPK Nano Wizard 3) in AC mode (tapping mode) using OMCL-AC160TS silicon probes from Olympus with a nominal resonance frequency of 300 kHz and a nominal spring constant of 26 N/m. The images were analyzed using Gwyddion SPM Software (Version 2.5, Open Source Software, http://gwyddion.net/)).
The average size and polydispersity index (PDI) of the NPs were determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) (Zetasizer Nano S90, Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, Cambridge, UK). NPs were dispersed in MilliQ water and the measurements were performed at 25 °C and an angle of 90°. Averages and standard deviations were calculated from triplicate measurements. The stability or the aggregation of NPs was determined by Zeta potential (Zetasizer Nano S90, Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK).
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2

Particle Size and Charge Analysis

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Particle diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential measurements were carried out using dynamic light scattering (DLS) with a Nano-S90 ZetaSizer (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, U.K.). Following measurements, Stokes-Einstein equation was used to determine the final particle diameter while PDI and zeta potential were evaluated using Nano DTS software (version 6.34). All measurements were performed at 25 °C with at least three sets of 10 runs.
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3

Characterization of Magnetic Nanocomposites

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FT-IR spectra from β-CD, CP, sodium alginate, Fe3O4, Fe3O4/A/β-CD and Fe3O4/A/β-CD/CP were recorded by a Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometer (Tensor 27, Bruker Co.). Particle size, poly dispersity index, and zeta potential were measured using dynamic light scattering with a Nano-S90 Zeta Sizer (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). All experiments were carried out at 25°C and repeated three times. The morphological studies of Fe3O4/A/β-CD and Fe3O4/A/β-CD/CP were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, CM-10 PHILIPS, 80 kV) and scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, MIRA 3 XMU, Tescan USA Inc.). The magnetization curves of Fe3O4, Fe3O4/A/β-CD, and Fe3O4/A/β-CD/CP were measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM-7300, Meghnatis Kavir Co., Kashan Iran). The differential thermal analysis (DTA) coupled with thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of Fe3O4/A/β-CD and Fe3O4/A/β-CD/CP were observed by a TG-DTA apparatus (NETZSCH-GERÄTEBAU GMBH-STA 409 PC LUXX, Kerman, Iran) by heating the samples from 25 to 900°C at a heating rate of 10oC per min under an N2 atmosphere.
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Characterization of Graphene Oxide Materials

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Zeta potentials were measured using a Nano-S90 ZetaSizer (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). Ultraviolet (UV)/visible spectra were analyzed by conducting a wavelength scan in a UV/vis spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer U-2800, Waltham, MA, USA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (H7600, Hitachi) was used for cross-sectional analysis of the GO dispersion, which was added to a carbon-coated copper grid and dried under infrared radiation. GO dispersion-adsorbed mica squares were used for atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis using a Nanoscope® IIIa Scanning Probe Microscope (Digital Instruments, Buffalo, NY, USA). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses were performed using a Thermo Scientific Nicolet Nexus 670 FTIR spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded using an XRD (X’Pert PRO MPD Diffractometer, PANalytical, Almelo, the Netherlands).
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5

Determining Nanoparticle Characteristics by DLS

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The hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index (PDI), and ζ-potential of the IMT-SLN system was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique using a Nano-S90 ZetaSizer (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). The measurements were performed at a fixed scattering angle of 90°and at an equilibrated temperature of 25°C. Each sample was adequately diluted with distilled water prior to measurement, and three measurements were performed for each sample.
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6

Vesicle Solubilization Kinetics Determination

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For determining the kinetics of vesicle solubilization, POPC LUVs were prepared by dissolving POPC in powder form in phosphate buffer (10 mM NaH 2 PO 4 /Na 2 HPO 4 in total and 150 mM NaCl at pH 7.4) and shaking for several minutes. The suspension was extruded using a LiposoFast extruder (Avestin, Mannheim, Germany) with at least 35 repeats through two stacked polycarbonate membranes having a pore diameter of 100 nm (Avestin). These LUVs were mixed with the detergents in a 3 Â 3 mm cuvette. Immediately after mixing, the measurement was started on a Nano Zetasizer S90 (Malvern), optimized for static light scattering measurements.
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7

Particle Size Distribution Analysis

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The particle size distribution of the samples was measured through dynamic light scattering by a Malvern Nano Zetasizer S90 (Malvern, UK). The particle size distribution was evaluated using pure water as a dispersion medium at room temperature.
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8

Nanovesicle Characterization by Zetasizer

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Nanovesicle dimensions and polydispersity indices were ascertained using a Zetasizer Nano S90 (Malvern Instruments, Worcester, UK) equipped with a helium–neon laser of 5 mW and 633 nm emission. The environmental conditions for the measurements were set at ambient temperature (25 °C), with a detection angle of 90°, and the minimum duration of a measurement was fixed at 180 s. A dilution ratio of 1:10 (v/v) with bidistilled water was standardized for the samples. The analysis of the gathered data was performed utilizing the cumulant analysis technique [39 (link)]. These measurements were replicated three times within a two-month interval after the production of the ETs, and the results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (s.d.).
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9

Lectin-based Biosensor for AuNPs

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AuNPs were prepared by chitosan reduction in chloroauric acid in a ratio of 7:3 by mixing for 3 h at 80 °C and 650 rpm. Afterward, the solution was centrifuged at 11,000 rpm, and the supernatant was removed and re-suspended in 1 mL of 1 mM buffer HEPES. A volume of 400 µL AuNPs solution was placed in a microtube with 5 µg of SNA lectin, to promote their interaction for 24 h at 14 °C. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 30 min, and the supernatant was removed. The obtained solid was placed on the ATR crystal to collect the FTIR spectrum data. Moreover, characterizations to analyze the construction of the lectin-based biosensor were performed by UV-Vis and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Furthermore, a Genesys 40 Visible Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and a Zetasizer Nano S-90 (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK) were used to analyze the construction of the lectin-based biosensor. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed with JEM2200 (EOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at the Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías (Mexico City, México).
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10

Coumarin-6 Encapsulated PLGA Nanoparticles

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NPs containing coumarin-6 were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation method according to our previously published experimental procedure.6 (link) In brief, 30 mg of PLGA and 60 µg of coumarin-6 in 1 mL of dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (7:3) were added into 5 mL of 3% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aqueous solution on ice using a probe sonicator set at 190 W in pulse mode to create an oil-in-water emulsion (Scientz Biotechnology Co, Ltd, China). Then, this emulsion was diluted with a 0.5% (w/v) PVA aqueous solution, and immediately stirred with a magnetic stirrer to allow for organic solvent evaporation. The NPs were then collected by centrifugation followed by freeze drying and stored at 25°C. NP size was analyzed using Zetasizer Nano-S90 (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). Delsa TM Nano C was used for the zeta potential analyses of particles (Beckman Coulter Instruments, Brea, CA, USA). The particles size and zeta potential of PLGA NPs were 160.3 nm (polydispersity index =0.189) and −12.12 mv.
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