formation process of droplets is recorded by high-speed camera Motion
Xtra N4 (Integrated Device Technology), and the frequency is 200 Hz.
The microstructures and morphologies of the GM and GB are characterized
by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-3400 N). X-ray diffraction
(XRD) patterns of the GM, GB, and GO are acquired by a rotating anode
X-ray powder diffractometer (Ragaku, 18KW/D/ max2550VB/PC) with monochromatic
Cu Kα radiation, and the data of 2θ is scanned from 5°
to 75° at a scan rate of 0.02° min–1.
Raman spectroscopy is done on the laser micro-Raman spectrometer (Renishaw
inVia reflex) at the range of 500–2500 cm–1 under the excitation wavelength of 514 nm and used for supplementary
structure information analysis together with XRD. The thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA) is carried out on a PerkinElmer Pyris 1 thermogravimetric
analyzer, and the samples are heated from room temperature to 800
°C at a rate of 10 °C min–1. Nitrogen
adsorption/desorption isotherms at 77 K are performed on 3H-2000PS4
from BeiShiDe Instrument Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. The specific
surface area is calculated via the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) model, and the pore size distribution is attained via the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda
(BJH) model. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra are collected
in the range of 500–4000 cm–1 on a Nicolet
6700 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.