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14 protocols using pyris 1 thermogravimetric analyzer

1

Comprehensive Characterization of Graphene-based Materials

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The
formation process of droplets is recorded by high-speed camera Motion
Xtra N4 (Integrated Device Technology), and the frequency is 200 Hz.
The microstructures and morphologies of the GM and GB are characterized
by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-3400 N). X-ray diffraction
(XRD) patterns of the GM, GB, and GO are acquired by a rotating anode
X-ray powder diffractometer (Ragaku, 18KW/D/ max2550VB/PC) with monochromatic
Cu Kα radiation, and the data of 2θ is scanned from 5°
to 75° at a scan rate of 0.02° min–1.
Raman spectroscopy is done on the laser micro-Raman spectrometer (Renishaw
inVia reflex) at the range of 500–2500 cm–1 under the excitation wavelength of 514 nm and used for supplementary
structure information analysis together with XRD. The thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA) is carried out on a PerkinElmer Pyris 1 thermogravimetric
analyzer, and the samples are heated from room temperature to 800
°C at a rate of 10 °C min–1. Nitrogen
adsorption/desorption isotherms at 77 K are performed on 3H-2000PS4
from BeiShiDe Instrument Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. The specific
surface area is calculated via the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) model, and the pore size distribution is attained via the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda
(BJH) model. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra are collected
in the range of 500–4000 cm–1 on a Nicolet
6700 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.
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2

Comprehensive Characterization of Composite Materials

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The surface morphology of the composites was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (Zeiss Supra 55, Jena, Germany). The crystalline structures were determined by using an X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8, Ettlingen, Germany) with monochromatic Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.542 Å). The thermal behaviors of the composites were examined by using Pyris 1 thermogravimetric analyzer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) at a heating rate of 10 °C/min in a temperature range from 30 °C to 875 °C. The surface zeta potentials at different pHs were investigated using the Zeta Potential measurement system (Malvern Zetasizer Nano Range, Malvern, UK). The specific surface areas were calculated by using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory, and the pore size distributions and pore volumes were calculated with the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms based on Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) theory using an adsorption analyzer (Micromeritics ASAP 2020, Norcross, GA, USA).
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3

Characterizing CaP-coated PET Sheets

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The morphology of PET, PET/BM-CaP and PET/ED-CaP sheets was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 10 kV (Hitachi TM-1000, Japan). Chemical elemental analysis of CaP coated on the surface of PET sheet was detected by energy-dispersive X-Ray spectrometer (EDS, Bruker, German). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to measure the quantity of CaP in the PET/BM-CaP and the PET/ED-CaP groups using on a Pyris 1 thermogravimetric analyzer (PerkinElmer, USA). The TGA data of the samples were recorded under air atmosphere at a scan rate of 10 °C min−1 from 50 °C to 700 °C. Besides, surface hydrophilicity of samples was detected by water contact angle (WCA, JC200C1, Zhongchen Co., Shanghai, China). Images of droplets were recorded through image analyzer to measure the contact angles.
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4

Characterization of Au Nanoparticles

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations were carried out using a transmission electron microscope (H-7500, Hitachi) operated at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV. Specimens for TEM observation were prepared by dropping an aqueous solution of Au nanoparticles onto a carbon-coated Cu grid, followed by drying at room temperature. High-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) micrographs were acquired using a field-emission transmission electron microscope (JEM-2100F, Jeol) operated at 200 kV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were acquired using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (Mira 3LMH, Tescan) operated at 5 kV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted using a powder X-ray diffractometer (X'Pert3, PANalytical). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted using a Pyris 1 thermogravimetric analyzer (PerkinElmer). UV-Vis spectra were acquired at room temperature using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Cary 50, Agilent).
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5

Comprehensive Physicochemical Characterization

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The following equipment were used: Pyris1 thermogravimetric analyzer (PerKin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA), 200 F3 differential scanning calorimeter (NETZSCH group, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany), Wters2695 high-performance liquid chromatograph (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA), CL21R Micro Bench Centrifuge (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), ZRS-8GD intelligent dissolution tester (Tiandatianfa, Tianjin, China), Pharma 11, co-rotating twin-screw extruder (Thermo Fisher Scientific), Bruker D8X X-ray diffractometer (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, United States), Nicolet-iS10 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), Vortex Kylin-bell5, Vortex oscillator (Beideng, Nanjing, China), HY-45 air bath thermostatic shaker (JCGSYQ, Changzhou, China), JCM-7000 Scanning Electron Microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and Huangcheng electric grinder (Wuyihaina, Jinhua, China).
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6

Thermogravimetric Analysis of Materials

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Thermal analysis was performed by using TGA (PerkinElmer, Pyris 1 Thermogravimetric Analyzer). The apparatus was continually flushed with nitrogen (100 ml/min). Measurements were implemented in the temperature range from 30 °C to 700 °C, at a heating rate of 10 °C/min.
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7

Multimodal Characterization of Nanoparticles

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TEM images were taken by a Tecnai G20
S-TWIN instrument. SEM photos were imaged by a field-emission scanning
electron microscope (Sigma). The PXRD pattern was detected by a Rigaku
MiniFlex 600 X-ray diffractometer with Cu (Kα = 1.5418 Å).
The hydrodynamic size and ζ potential were measured by dynamic
light scattering (DLS) on a PSS Z3000 instrument. Confocal microscopy
images were carried out on a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM)
(Nikon C1-si TE2000) and processed by EZ-C1 software. The flow cytometric
assay was tested in flow cytometry (BD FACSAria III). Thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA) was determined by a Pyris1 thermogravimetric analyzer
(PerkinElmer). Intracellular pH and live/dead cell staining assay
were carried out by fluorescence inverted microscope (Olympus U-HGLGPS).
The in vivo imaging experiment was carried out on
IVIS imaging systems (PerkinElmer). The light source (660 nm) used
for PDT was obtained from Beijing Laserwave Optoelectronics Technology.
Co., Ltd.
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8

Nanoparticle Characterization Protocol

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The morphology and structure of the prepared nanoparticles were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, TESCAN VEGA3 LMU, Tescan USA Inc.; Cranberry Twp., PA, USA). The nanoparticles’ hydrodynamic particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) were evaluated by a Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). The superparamagnetic properties of the magnetite nanoparticles were performed by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM-7400, Lakeshore, USA). Fourier-transform infrared spectra were measured on a Nexus 670 spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed with a Perkin Elmer Pyris1 thermogravimetric analyzer.
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9

Thermogravimetric Analysis of Elastomer Composites

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EXAMPLE 4

Thermogravimetric Analysis

A PerkinElmer Pyris 1 Thermogravimetric Analyzer was used to test Thermogravimetry (TG). The sample (10 to 15 mg in mass) was heated in a platinum pan under nitrogen flow (20 cm3 minute−1 at standard ambient temperature and pressure) from 25° C. to 700° C. at a heating rate of 10° C. minute−1 to obtain the mass loss TG data. The derivative of the mass loss versus temperature data (dm/dT) was used to determine the peak decomposition temperature, Tmax. The activation energy for thermal degradation was determined by performing non-isothermal TG experiments at heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20° C. minute−1. These experiments were carried out in an argon environment.

FIG. 7 shows the results of TG analysis on the elastomer composites containing three different types of clay particles, and of compositions given in Table 1. The surface-functionalized nanoclay particles (sample HNBR-NC) exhibited higher thermal degradation temperature compared with the elastomer samples containing the other two types of clay particles (HNBR-HNT and HNBR-BENT) and also compared with the HNBR elastomer without these particles.

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10

Thermogravimetric Analysis of Films

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The degradation of films was monitored using a Pyris 1 Thermogravimetric Analyzer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) with a nitrogen gas flow rate of 50 mL/min. Changes in mass were recorded over a temperature range of 25 to 500 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min. Test specimens of 8–10 mg were cut into several pieces with diameters ~1 mm and sampled to include a mixture illustrative of the bulk film composition to mitigate divergent data.
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