Cm300

The surface morphology of SS, MPSS and MSNS is examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM; leo-supra, 1550) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; Philips, CM300) with a LaB₆ cathode operated at 300 KV. The crystal structure is analyzed with a PANalytical Empyrean X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). The Raman spectra of SS, MPSS and MSNS, are collected with a Renishaw DXR Raman spectroscopy system with a 532 nm laser (8 mW excitation power, 100x objective lens). The BET surface area and pore distribution are measured by a Quantachrome BET analyzer.

The Phe-AuNCs for characterization were prepared by Au:Phe molar ratio of 0.5. The reaction mixture contained Phe (500 µl, 100 mM) and HAuCl₄ (250 µl, 100 mM) in a 1.5 ml plastic vial and heat-treated at 60 °C in a dry bath for four hours.
Samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis were prepared by placing 100 × diluted drops of the as-prepared Phe-AuNCs on carbon-coated copper grids. The films on the TEM grids were allowed to stand for 10 min following which the extra solution was removed using a blotting paper, and the grid was allowed to dry before measurement. TEM measurements were performed on an instrument (Philips cm300, Japan) operated at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV.
Hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potentials were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) Malvern Nano ZS (Malvern, USA). XPS measurements were performed on NEXSA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) with a X-ray source gun type of Al K Alpha, and the spot size of 400 μm. The lens mode was standard, analyzer mode was CAE: pass Energy 200.0 eV, and energy step size was 0.1 eV. All binding energies were calibrated using the C(1s) carbon peak (284.88 eV).
BSA-Au NC was synthesized as established by³⁷ , and the fluorescence response of these BSA-AuNCs and Phe-AuNCs were compared by treating various molecules.

Phase identification and structure of catalysts were investigated by XRD analysis using an X'Pert MPD diffractometer (Philips, Netherland) with Co-Kα radiation (λ = 0.178897 nm) and input voltage of 40 kV. In order to investigate the morphology of prepared catalysts, FE-SEM analysis was carried out using S4160 (HITACHI, Japan). Surface element composition was detected by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) using a VEGA\\TESCAN-LMU apparatus. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was performed by a Philips CM300 device, to evaluate the dispersion of active metals on alumina. To investigate the textural properties of the metal oxide samples, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms data were recorded by the Micrometric (USA) instrument. The surface areas of the obtained samples were calculated by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Moreover, t-plot method was used to estimate the external surface area. To study the thermal decomposition of the dried gels, thermogravimetry analysis was performed using a TGA 209 F3Tarsus instrument. This examination is carried out in air atmosphere from room temperature to 600 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹. The reducibility behaviour of supported metal oxide was evaluated by temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) using a BELCAT (Japan) instrument.

The morphology, size and structural characteristics of the as-synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles were observed by transmission electron microscopy performed with a Libra Zeiss 120 and a Philips CM300. SEM images were obtained using a JEOL 7100F Field-Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG-SEM). A working distance of 10 mm was maintained with acquisitions utilizing a beam voltage of 15 kV. For analysis, a small amount of the sample was deposited onto double-sided carbon tape mounted on a stub, followed by sputter-coating with iridium (5 nm thickness) to make the sample conductive. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using a Siemens D5000 diffractometer with Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) in a 2θ range from 10 to 90° with a step size of 0.05° and time of 1 s per step.