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53 protocols using mucin from porcine stomach type 2

1

Formulation and Evaluation of Topical Antifungal Gel

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Polyoxypropylene (5) polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl alcohol (PPG-5-CETETH-20) was purchased from Croda (Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Oleic acid was purchased from Synth (Diadema, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Polycarbophil® and Carbopol® 974P was purchased from Lubrizol® (Wickliffe, OH, USA) Advanceds materials (Cleveland, OH, USA). Sterile fetal bovine serum was purchased from Laborclin® (Pinhais, Paraná, Brazi) laboratory products, Pinhais, Paraná-Brazil. The high-purity water was prepared with a Millipore Milli-Q Plus purification system, and its resistivity was 18.2 MΩ-cm. Sabouraud Dextrose Ágar, Both and supplemented with chloramphenicol were purchased from Difco®-Becton (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) Dickinson and Company Sparks (Le Pont de Claix, France). Methanol was purchased from Merck® (Darmstadt, Germany). Triethanolamine, Mucin from porcine stomach type II, amphotericin B, fluconazole, estradiol, cyclophosphamide, XTT sodium salt, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), gentamicin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich® (Steinheim, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany).
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2

Liposomal Formulation for Drug Delivery

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DPPC (1,2-dimpalmiyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), HSPC (hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine), DSPE-PEG2000 (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy-polyethylene glycol 2000) were all purchased from Lipoid, Germany. was purchased from Biochempeg, USA. DPPE-Rhodamine (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl) (ammonium salt)), cholesterol (57–88-5), N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 38520–57-9), Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli O26:B6 (L2762), D-(+) Glucose monohydrate (dextrose, 14,431–43-7), and mucin from porcine stomach (type II, 84082–64-4) were purchased Sigma-Aldrich. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPS, solu-medrol) from Pfizer was used. Calcium Acetate was purchased from Spectrum.
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3

Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion

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Pepsin from porcine stomach mucosa (250 U/mg), pancreatin (8 × USP) from porcine pancreas, porcine bile extract, mucin from porcine stomach-type II, albumin, resazurin, cysteine, peptone, yeast extract, pectin, xylan, gum arabic, potato starch, casein, glucose, and inulin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phenolic compounds standards (2,4 dihydroxybenzoic, 3,4 dihydroxybenzoic, gallic, benzoic, caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric, salicylic, rosmarinic, and 5-caffeoylquinic acids) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. All solvents were HPLC grade from Tedia (Fairfield, OH, USA). HPLC grade water (Milli-Q system, Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was used throughout the experiments.
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4

Polymeric Biomaterials Characterization

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Polylactic acid (PLA, 8 kDa), poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) (50:50) 6 and 10 kDa, PLGA (65:35) 6 kDa, and PLGA- ester end group (75:25, 8 kDa) were donated by Takeda Pharmaceuticals. Polystyrene (PS) 2.5, 45, and 125–250 kDa, PMMA (75 kDa), PLA 18 kDa, polychromatic red PS (PCRPS, 540 nm diameter), and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-PLGA were purchased from Polysciences Inc. Poly fumaric acid sebacic acid (P(FA:SA) 20:80) 20:80 14.5 kDa and PBMAD (15–18 kDa) were synthesized as described previously [8 (link), 40 (link), 41 (link)]. Dichloromethane (DCM), petroleum ether (PE), ethanol, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane (0.22 μm pore size, by Flouropore), Drierite (regular 8 mesh), heparin, KBr, span-80, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Fisher-Scientific. Mucin from porcine stomach Type II was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without pancreatin, USP XXII formulation from RICCA chemical company (Arlington TX, USA).
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5

Antifungal Ophthalmic Formulation Development

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Voriconazole and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were obtained as gift samples from Matrix Laboratories, Hyderabad (India), mucin from porcine stomach type II, sodium alginate, chitosan, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, poly vinyl alcohol, xanthan gum, guar gum, and gelrite were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Hi media Sabouraud Dextrose Agar was obtained from Deep Scientific laboratories, Chandigarh (India). Freeze dried strains Candida albicans (MTCC 227) and Aspergillus fumigatus (MTCC 2544) were obtained from MTCC, IMTECH Chandigarh (India). Fresh whole eyeballs of goat were obtained from local butcher's shop (Zirakpur, Punjab, India) within one hour of slaughtering of animal. All other chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade.
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6

Mucin Bead Production for Anaerobic Fermentation

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Mucin from porcine stomach type II (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, MO, USA) and sodium alginate (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, MO, USA) were used to produce mucin beads of 4 mm diameter, as described previously [16 (link),17 (link)]. Briefly, at the beginning of the fermentations, 350 ± 20 mucin beads were introduced in their specific glass compartments. Mucin beads were totally replaced every 48 h to ensure a continuous availability of mucin adherent surfaces. During the time of bead replacement, the medium of the bead compartment was kept under CO2 flushing to avoid oxygen entrance.
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7

Synthesis and Characterization of Mucin-Containing Polymeric Nanoparticles

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Ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate (EbiB), N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethy ldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), tertiary-butyl Methacrylate (TBMA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and CuBr were all purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). The chemicals were used without further purification except for CuBr, which was purified by successively washing with glacial acetic acid and ethanol for three times, followed by drying under vacuum at 25°C for 12 h. Mucin from porcine stomach (type II) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Coumarin 6 was purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were all obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co (Shanghai, China). Near-infrared dye cypate (Ex: 780 nm, Em: 810 nm) was synthesized in our laboratory. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium, penicillin, streptomycin, trypsin, and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Kangyuan Corporation (Tianjin, China). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthialzol-a-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Solarbio Corp (Beijing, China). Kunming normal mice (male) were purchased from Daren Laboratory Animal Co. Ltd. (Qingdao, China).
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8

Formulation of Antifungal Topical Gel

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PPG-5-CETETH-20 (Procetyl® AWS) was purchased from Croda (Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Oleic acid was purchased from Synth (Diadema, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Mucin from porcine stomach type II, CUR, PO 407, and low-molecular-weight chitosan were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). Amphotericin and Fluconazole were purchased from DEG (Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil). The high-purity water was prepared with a Millipore Milli-Q Plus purification system, and its resistivity was 18.2 MΩ·cm.
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9

Hyaluronate Sodium and Mucoadhesive Assay

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High molecular weight (HMW) sodium hyaluronate (1.8–2.2 MDa), was a kind gift from Inquiaroma and N-hydroxymethylglycinate 50% (Suttocide) from Ashland (Covington, Kentucky, EUA, Brussels, Belgium). Potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium tetraborate and Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) were purchased form VWR International (Carnaxide, Portugal), calcium chloride.6H2O was purchased from José Manuel Gomes Santos (Odivelas, Portugal), magnesium chloride.6H2O was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Quimica (Sintra, Portugal) and boric acid was purchased from LaborSpirit (Loures, Portugal). In addition, for the mucoadhesive studies, it was used dried mucin from porcine stomach type II (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MI, USA). Human retinal pigment epithelial cell lines ARPE-19 (ATCC® CRL-2302™) were obtained from American Type Cell Culture collection (Manassas, VA, USA), and they were used for cell viability and dry eye assays. Cell culture medium and supplements were from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rochford, UK).
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10

Bioadhesive Polymer-Based Mucoadhesive Formulations

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Carbopol 971P® (C971P), Carbopol 974P® (C974P), and Noveon® Polycarbophil (PCB) were kindly donated by Lubrizol (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Triethanolamine, poloxamer 407 (P407), and mucin from porcine stomach (type II) were received from Sigma-Aldrich (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Porcine oral mucosa was sourced from a local slaughterhouse (Maringa, Brazil) and kept frozen at −20 °C. All reagents were used without further purification.
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